Acid Base and Salt Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Front
A
Back
2
Q
Acid (Definition)
A
A substance which produces hydrogen ions ($H^{+}$) as the only positive ion when dissolved in water.
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Q
Ionization
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The process where acids dissolve in water to produce hydrogen ions ($H^{+}$) and corresponding negative ions.
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Q
Strong Acid
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кислоты, которые полностью ионизируются в воде, образуя большое количество ионов водорода ($H^{+}$) и анионов.
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Q
Weak Acid
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Acids that are only partially ionized in water, resulting in a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
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Q
Basicity of an Acid
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The number of replaceable hydrogen ions in one molecule of the acid.
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Q
Dilute Acid Solution
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An acid solution with a large amount of water added to a small amount of acid.
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Q
Concentrated Acid Solution
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A solution made by adding a large amount of a pure acid to a small amount of water.
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Q
Acid + Metal Reaction
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кислоты реагируют с некоторыми металлами с выделением газообразного водорода и образованием соли.
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Q
Acid + Base Reaction (Neutralization)
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Acids react with insoluble bases and alkalis to form salts and water.
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Q
Acid + Trioxocarbonate (IV) Reaction
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Acids react with trioxocarbonates(IV) to liberate carbon(IV) oxide.
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Q
Acid Anhydride
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Non-metallic oxides that dissolve in water to produce acids.
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Q
Base (Definition)
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вещество, которое нейтрализует кислоту с образованием только соли и воды.
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Q
Alkali
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A soluble hydroxide.
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Q
Neutralization
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процесс, при котором кислота полностью реагирует с соответствующим количеством щелочи (или любого другого основания) с образованием только соли и воды.
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Q
Oxonium Ion
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The ion formed when a hydrogen ion ($H^{+}$) associates with a water molecule ($H_{2}O$), $H_{3}O^{+}$.
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Q
pH Scale
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A scale from 0 to 14 used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of substances.
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Q
pH 7
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Neutral
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Q
pH < 7
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Acidic
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Q
pH > 7
A
” basic
“Acid-Base Indicator”,”Dyes that change color according to the pH of the medium. “
“Salt (Scientific Definition)”,”A chemical compound formed by replacing the hydrogen ions in an acid with metallic or ammonium ions. “
“Normal Salt”,” соль
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Q
Acid Salt
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A salt formed when the replaceable hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal.
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Q
Basic Salt
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A salt containing the hydroxide ion, OH-.
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Q
Double Salt
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Salts which ionize to produce three different types of ions in solution.
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Q
Complex Salt
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Salts containing complex ions, which are ions consisting of a charged group of atoms.
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Uses of Acids
"Acids are extremely useful chemicals which are used in many industries to make other consumer chemicals such as fertilizers, detergents and drugs. They are used in industrial processes as drying agents, oxidizing agents and catalysts."
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Uses of Alkalis
"Alkalis are important substances used in industries concerned with the manufacture of glass, soap, paper and rayon. Some alkalis are also used to soften hard water."
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Types of Salts
"Normal salts, acid salts, basic salts, double salts and complex salts."
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Normal Salts
"Normal salts are formed when all the replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have been completely replaced by metallic ions."
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Acid Salts
"Acid salts are formed when the replaceable hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal. They are produced only by acids containing more than one replaceable hydrogen ion."
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Basic Salts
"Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-. They occur when there is an insufficient supply of acid which is needed for the complete neutralization of the base."
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Double Salts
"Double salts are salts which ionize to produce three different types of ions in solution. Usually two of these are positively charged (metallic or ammonium ions), while the other is negatively charged."
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Complex Salts
"Complex salts contain complex ions, i.e., ions consisting of a charged group of atoms."
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Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Common table salt.
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Salt Uses
Salts are used in the manufacture of many industrial, agricultural and consumer substances like chlorine gas, fertilizers and laxatives. They are also used as food preservatives, drying agents and antifreeze.
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Soluble Salt Preparation Methods
Dilute acid and metal, Alkali and acid, Dilute acid and insoluble base, Dilute acid and trioxocarbonate (IV)
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Insoluble Salt Preparation Method
Precipitation
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Heating to Dryness
A method to recover soluble salts that can withstand dry heating, where the salt solution is heated to dryness to produce the salt in solid crystalline form.
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Crystallization
A method to recover soluble salts that decompose on heating, where a saturated solution is allowed to cool slowly, forming crystals.
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Precipitation
A method to prepare insoluble salts, where two soluble salts are mixed, resulting in a double decomposition reaction and the formation of an insoluble salt (precipitate).
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Strong Acids (Examples)
"$HCl\\rightarrow H^{+}+Cl^{-}$, $HNO_{3}\\rightarrow H^{+}+{NO_{3}}^{-}$, $H_{2}SO_{4}\\rightarrow2H^{+}+{SO_{4}}^{2-}$"
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Weak Acids (Examples)
"$H_{2}CO_{3} \\rightarrow 2H^{+}+{CO_{3}}^{2-}$, $H_{3}PO_{4} \\rightarrow 3H^{+}+{PO_{4}}^{3-}$, $H_{2}SO_{3} \\rightarrow 2H^{+}+{SO_{3}}^{2-}$, $CH_{3}COOH \\rightarrow H^{+}+CH_{3}COO^{+}$"
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Acid + Metal ->
"Salt + Hydrogen"
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Acid + Base ->
"Salt + Water"
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Acid + Trioxocarbonate (IV) ->
"Salt + Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide"
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Methods for Acid Preparation
"Dissolving an acid anhydride in water, Combination of constituent elements, Using a strong acid to displace a weak acid / volatile acid from its salt"
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Acid Anhydrides (Examples)
"Carbon (IV) oxide ($CO_{2}$) for trioxocarbonate (IV) acid, Sulphur (IV) oxide ($SO_{2}$) for trioxosulphate (IV) acid, Sulphur (VI) oxide ($SO_{3}$) for tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid"
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Strong Alkalis (Examples)
"Sodium and potassium hydroxides"
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Weak Alkalis (Examples)
"Calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia"
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pH Scale Values
0-14
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pH 7 Description
Neutral
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pH less than 7 Description
Acidic
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pH greater than 7 Description
Alkaline
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pH and Acidity/Alkalinity
Acidity increases with decreasing pH values, while alkalinity increases with increasing pH values.
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Importance of pH
pH values play an important role in our daily life, including in our body (digestion), blood, soil for plants, pharmacy, medicine, water purification, sewage treatment and several other industrial processes.
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Acid-Base Indicators
Dyes which change colour according to the pH of the medium.
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Litmus
A common indicator which is red in acid and blue in alkali. It changes from red to purple to blue over a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0.
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Universal Indicator
A mixture of various indicators which work at different pH ranges, indicating pH values by a series of successive colour changes.
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pH Meter
An instrument that can measure the pH of a solution accurately, even for very dilute solutions and coloured or opaque liquids.
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Table Salt
Sodium chloride.
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Neutralization Reaction
Acid + Alkali (Base) -> Salt + Water
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Neutralization
A process in which an acid reacts completely with an appropriate amount of an alkali (or any other base) to produce a salt and water only.
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Neutralization (Ionic)
$H^{+}(aq) + OH^{-}(aq) -> H_{2}O(l)$
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Neutralization (Alternative Definition)
The combination of oxonium ions, $H_{3}O^{+}$, and hydroxide ions, $OH^{-}$, to form water molecules, $H_{2}O$. A salt is formed at the same time.
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Base (Alternative Definition)
A substance which will neutralize an acid to yield a salt and water only.
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Oxonium Ion Formation
$H^{+}(aq) + H_{2}O(l) -> H_{3}O^{+}(aq)$
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Neutralization with Oxonium Ion
$H_{3}O^{+}(aq) + OH^{-}(aq) -> 2H_{2}O(l)$
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Sodium Ions and Chloride Ions in Neutralization
Since the sodium ions, $Na^{+}$, and the chloride ions, $Cl^{-}$, remain dissociated in solution, the neutralization reaction can be simplified as: $2H_{3}O^{+}(aq) + {CO_{3}}^{2-}(aq) -> 3H_{2}O(l) + CO_{2}(g)$
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Physical Properties of Alkalis
"1. Alkalis have a bitter taste. 2. Alkalis are soapy to the touch. 3. Alkalis turn red litmus blue. 4. Concentrated forms of the two caustic alkalis, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, are corrosive."
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Reaction of Bases/Alkalis with Acids
"All bases react with acids to form salts and water only."
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Reaction of Alkalis with Ammonium Salts
"Alkalis react with ammonium salts, in the presence of heat, to generate ammonia gas. This reaction can be used as a test for alkalis."
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Uses of Alkalis
"Alkalis are important substances used in industries concerned with the manufacture of glass, soap, paper and rayon. Some alkalis are also used to soften hard water."
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General Methods for Preparing Salts
1. Dilute acid and metal 2. Alkali and acid 3. Dilute acid and insoluble base 4. Dilute acid and trioxocarbonate (IV)
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Salt Solubility and Preparation Method
The method chosen for preparing a particular salt depends largely on its solubility in water and its stability to heat.
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Titration
A method to prepare a salt by reacting an alkali and an acid, using a suitable indicator to determine when the neutralization reaction is complete.
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Excess Base/Trioxocarbonate (IV) Method
When preparing a salt using a dilute acid and an insoluble base or trioxocarbonate (IV), the base/trioxocarbonate (IV) is added in excess to the acid, and the excess is filtered off.
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Limitations of Dilute Acid and Trioxocarbonate (IV) Method
This method is not used if both the trioxocarbonate (IV) and the salt are insoluble because the salt formed will precipitate on the unchanged trioxocarbonate (IV) and stop the reaction.
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Heating to Dryness
A method for recovering soluble salts that can withstand dry heating, where the salt solution is heated to dryness to produce the salt in solid crystalline form.
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Crystallization
A method for recovering soluble salts that decompose on heating, where a saturated solution is allowed to cool slowly, forming crystals.
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Crystallization Method Steps
1. The solution is gently heated to concentrate it until a saturated solution is obtained. 2. This point is indicated by the solution being hot and a crystal starting to form on the stirring rod dipped into the solution. 3. The solution is allowed to cool slowly. 4. As it cools, the salt crystallizes out. 5. The crystals are recovered by filtration and then dried between filter papers.
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Insoluble Salt Preparation
Insoluble salts are prepared by precipitation, i.e. by double decomposition.
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Precipitation Reaction
When two soluble salts are mixed, the cation of one salt combines with the anion of the other to form an insoluble salt.
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Filtration
The insoluble salt formed is obtained by filtration.
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Washing the Residue
The residue is washed with distilled water to remove impurities.
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Drying the Residue
The residue is then dried in a drying oven or between filter papers.
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Front
Back
86
Acid Anhydride Definition
Non-metallic oxides that dissolve in water to produce acids.
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Examples of Acid Anhydrides
Carbon (IV) oxide ($CO_{2}$) for trioxocarbonate (IV) acid, Sulphur (IV) oxide ($SO_{2}$) for trioxosulphate (IV) acid, Sulphur (VI) oxide ($SO_{3}$) for tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid
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Front
Back
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Dilute Acid + Metal ->
Salt + Hydrogen
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Dilute Acid + Alkali ->
Salt + Water
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Dilute Acid + Insoluble Base ->
Salt + Water
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Dilute Acid + Trioxocarbonate (IV) ->
Salt + Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide
