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Chemical Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

What effect did the development of the chemical industry have on chemistry?

A

“It had important effects. “

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2
Q

When were factories supplying soap, alum, acids and other basic chemicals set up?

A

“Soon after the Middle Ages. “

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3
Q

What happened as society became complex?

A

“The need to develop and produce important chemicals grew. “

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4
Q

What did chemists do as the need to develop and produce important chemicals grew?

A

“They set to work to fulfil these needs. “

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5
Q

What also served as a force in accelerating the development of the chemical industry?

A

“Wars. “

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6
Q

When was the Lead Chamber process for the commercial manufacture of hydrogentetraoxo-sulphate(VI) developed?

A

“In 1749. “

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7
Q

What did the Lead Chamber process initiate?

A

“A whole new range of other chemical industries. “

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8
Q

When was the Leblanc process for making trioxocarbonate (IV) invented?

A

“In 1791. “

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9
Q

When did extensive industrial chemical research come into full swing?

A

“In 1856

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10
Q

What became the norm in the chemical industry after the discovery of the first aniline dye?

A

“Research by teams of scientists. “

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11
Q

What process was developed under the condition of research by teams of scientists?

A

“The Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia. “

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12
Q

What did the Haber process lead to?

A

“An increase in the demand for trained chemists. “

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13
Q

What are some of the important raw materials of the chemical industry?

A

“Coal

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14
Q

Where do the important raw materials of the chemical industry come from?

A

“All except air are mined from the earth’s crust. Salt is obtained mainly from sea water. “

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15
Q

What is derived from the main raw materials of the chemical industry?

A

“Many other raw materials. “

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16
Q

What are chemicals derived from coal by-products of?

A

“The process by which bituminous coal is converted into coke. “

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17
Q

What does special equipment yield from the gas and vapors of coal?

A

“Fuel gas

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18
Q

What does coal tar contain?

A

“A number of chemicals such as benzene

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19
Q

What are discussed in chapter 28?

A

“Petroleum

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20
Q

What uses of coal and petroleum are summarized in fig. 31.1?

A

“Industrial uses. “

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21
Q

What do limestone rocks, caves and cliffs give us?

A

“Lime or calcium oxide. “

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22
Q

What is lime or calcium oxide used for?

A

“Making cement and concrete. “

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23
Q

Where does salt or sodium chloride occur?

A

“As rock salt in underground deposits and in sea water. “

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24
Q

What does electrolysis of sodium chloride produce?

A

“Chlorine and sodium hydroxide. “

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25
What is sodium hydroxide used for?
"The manufacture of soap and textile
26
What can be made to react with hydrocarbons obtained from fossil fuels?
"Chlorine. "
27
What are chlorohydrocarbons used in making?
"Synthetic rubber
28
Where does sulphur occur naturally?
"In some places. "
29
How else is sulphur obtained?
"As a by-product when sulphide ores of copper or zinc are treated. "
30
What is most of the sulphur converted into?
"Hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid. "
31
How does the quantity of hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid manufactured compare to other chemicals?
"It is manufactured in much greater quantities. "
32
What is hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid used in?
"Many chemical processes and in the manufacture of fertilizers
33
What does the extraction of important metals from their respective mineral ores give rise to?
"The metal extraction industries. "
34
Where are metal extraction industries located?
"In countries where the ores are available. "
35
What are metals mainly used for?
"The construction of buildings and bridges
36
What is air the chief source of?
"Oxygen and nitrogen. "
37
What is nitrogen used for?
"The manufacture of ammonia by the Haber Process. "
38
What is ammonia mainly used in the production of?
"Fertilizers and trioxonitrate (V) acid. "
39
What is the chemical industry founded on?
"A wide variety of raw materials. "
40
Name some of the most important raw materials of the chemical industry.
"Coal
41
What fairly recent addition is among the most important raw materials of the chemical industry?
"Petroleum. "
42
How is it useful to classify the chemical industry?
"On the basis of its products. "
43
Name four categories of chemical industries based on their products.
"Industries that produce basic chemicals; industries that produce chemical products for artificial fibers and plastics; industries that produce chemical products as starting materials for other industries; industries that produce chemical products for personal use. "
44
What is the chemical industry now defined as?
"One that uses chemistry to make chemicals from other chemical substances. "
45
What is the most useful basic chemical that the chemical industry makes?
"Hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid. "
46
What is hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid used in?
"Many chemical processes
47
What other chemical is produced in large quantities?
"Sodium hydroxide. "
48
What is sodium hydroxide used for?
"Making soap and other things. "
49
What is another chemical that is manufactured in large quantities?
"Ammonia. "
50
What is ammonia used to make?
"Fertilizers and explosives. "
51
What are hydrogentetraoxosulphate(VI) acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia and other chemicals made in very large quantities called?
"Heavy chemicals. "
52
What are drugs and chemicals produced in relatively small amounts referred to as?
"Fine chemicals. "
53
What degree of purity are fine chemicals produced to?
"A very high degree. "
54
In what form do plastics get manufactured?
"As granules or powder. "
55
What form are plastics manufactured in?
"As granules or powder."
56
Where are plastics in their raw form exported to?
"Fabrication plants."
57
What happens to the raw material in most plastic processing methods?
"It is heated until it softens
58
What does plastic coating enhance in packaging?
"Packaging properties."
59
What properties does plastic coated paper have and what is it used for?
"Impermeable to water and oil
60
Into what four categories is the plastic industry divided?
"Bags
61
What do industrial plastic supplies cover?
"Items such as casings for radios
62
What do miscellaneous items include?
"Precision-moulding of plastics to produce gears and bobbins for digital clocks; and rollers
63
How has the plastics industry achieved remarkable success?
"By widening the use of its products as well as by diversifying its applications."

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