Non Metals 2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Le Chatelier’s Principle
A
States that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium.
2
Q
Contact Process
A
The industrial process for producing sulfuric acid, involving the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
3
Q
Ostwald Process
A
A chemical process used for the industrial production of nitric acid ($HNO_3$).
4
Q
Nitrogen(II) Oxide Oxidation Equation
A
$2NO(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO_2(g)$
5
Q
Nitrogen(IV) Oxide Absorption Equation
A
$3NO_2(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2HNO_3(aq) + NO(g)$
6
Q
Overall Equation for Nitric Acid Production
A
$4NH_3(g) + 8O_2(g) \rightarrow 4HNO_3(aq) + 4H_2O(g)$
7
Q
Contact Process Temperature
A
450°C
8
Q
Contact Process Pressure
A
2 atm
9
Q
Ostwald Process Temperature
A
900°C
10
Q
Ostwald Process Pressure
A
4 atm
11
Q
Haber-Bosch Process Temperature
A
450°C
12
Q
Haber-Bosch Process Pressure
A
200-1000 atm
13
Q
Equilibrium
A
A state where the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse reaction.
14
Q
Le Chatelier’s Principle Application
A
Predicting shift in equilibrium with changing conditions.
15
Q
Phosphorus Occurrence
A
Never found free in nature
16
Q
Phosphorus Sources
A
Phosphate rock, bones
17
Q
Phosphorus Extraction
A
Heating calcium phosphate with sand and coke
18
Q
Phosphorus Extraction Equation
A
$Ca_3(PO_4)_2 + 3SiO_2 + 5C \rightarrow 3CaSiO_3 + 2P + 5CO$
19
Q
Phosphorus Allotropes
A
White phosphorus, red phosphorus
20
Q
White Phosphorus Properties
A
Yellowish-white solid, soft, waxy, poisonous
21
Q
White Phosphorus Reactivity
A
Very reactive, ignites spontaneously in air
22
Q
White Phosphorus Storage
A
Under water
23
Q
White Phosphorus Use
A
Manufacture of rat poison
24
Q
Red Phosphorus Properties
A
Red solid, non-poisonous
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Red Phosphorus Reactivity
Less reactive, does not ignite in air
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Red Phosphorus Use
Safety matches
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Phosphorus Reaction with Oxygen
Burns vigorously in oxygen to form phosphorus(V) oxide
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Phosphorus + Oxygen Equation
$P_4 + 5O_2 \rightarrow P_4O_{10}$
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide Formula
$P_4O_{10}$
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide Common Name
Phosphorus pentoxide
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide Property
Strong affinity for water
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide Use
Drying agent
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide + Water Product
Phosphoric acid
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Phosphorus(V) Oxide + Water Equation
$P_4O_{10} + 6H_2O \rightarrow 4H_3PO_4$
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Phosphorus Halides
$PCl_3, PCl_5$
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Phosphorus Halide Formation
Direct combination with chlorine
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Phosphorus Halide Reaction with Water
Hydrolyzed to hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid
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Phosphoric Acid Formula
$H_3PO_4$
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Phosphoric Acid Preparation
Reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide with water
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Phosphoric Acid Properties
Colorless crystals, soluble in water
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Phosphoric Acid Uses
Fertilizers, detergents, food additive
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Phosphorus in Fertilizers
Essential nutrient for plant growth
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Phosphorus Role in Plants
Root development, fruit and seed formation
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Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms
Stunted growth, poor flowering
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Phosphorus Toxicity
Rare, can interfere with micronutrient uptake
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Eutrophication Cause (Phosphorus)
Excessive phosphorus runoff from fertilizers
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Environmental Impact of Phosphorus
"Algal blooms, oxygen depletion in water bodies
"Phosphorus Cycle","The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the Earth's ecosystems."
"Phosphorus Cycle Importance","Essential for DNA
48
Phosphorus Reservoir
Rocks and sediments.
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Weathering
Releases phosphate ions from rocks.
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Uptake by Plants
Plants absorb phosphate ions from soil.
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Transfer to Animals
Animals obtain phosphorus by eating plants.
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Decomposition (Phosphorus)
Returns phosphorus to the soil.
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Runoff
Carries phosphorus to aquatic ecosystems.
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Sedimentation
Phosphorus accumulates in sediments.
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Human Impact on Phosphorus Cycle
Mining, fertilizers, deforestation.
56
Oxygen Discovery
Priestley and Scheele (independently, ~1774)
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Priestley's Oxygen Preparation
Heating mercury(II) oxide ($HgO$)
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Priestley's Equation
$2HgO(s) \xrightarrow{heat} 2Hg(l) + O_2(g)$
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Scheele's Oxygen Preparation
Heating metal nitrates, carbonates, and oxides
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Lavoisier's Oxygen Experiment
Heating mercury in air
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Lavoisier's Conclusion
Air is a mixture, oxygen supports combustion
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Occurrence of Oxygen in Air
About 21% by volume
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Occurrence of Oxygen in Earth's Crust
Most abundant element
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Occurrence of Oxygen in Water
Major component
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Occurrence of Oxygen in Living Organisms
Essential for respiration
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Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)
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Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Equation
$2H_2O_2(aq) \xrightarrow{MnO_2} 2H_2O(l) + O_2(g)$
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Catalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition
Manganese(IV) oxide ($MnO_2$)
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Alternative Oxygen Preparation
Decomposition of sodium peroxide ($Na_2O_2$) with water
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Sodium Peroxide + Water Equation
$2Na_2O_2(s) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow 4NaOH(aq) + O_2(g)$
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Oxygen Preparation (Large Scale)
Fractional distillation of liquid air
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Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air Process
Air is liquefied, then distilled based on boiling points
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Nitrogen Boiling Point
-196°C
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Oxygen Boiling Point
-183°C
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Oxygen Collection (Fractional Distillation)
Collected as liquid or gas
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Oxygen Physical State
Gas
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Oxygen Color
Colorless
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Oxygen Odor
Odorless
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Oxygen Taste
Tasteless
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Oxygen Solubility in Water
Slightly soluble
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Oxygen Density
Slightly denser than air
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Oxygen Effect on Litmus Paper
Neutral
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Oxygen's Crucial Role
Supports combustion and respiration
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Oxygen's Ability to Combine
Combines directly with most elements (except noble gases)
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Oxygen + Metals Product
Basic oxides
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Oxygen + Non-metals Product
Acidic oxides
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Oxygen + Hydrocarbons Product
Carbon dioxide and water
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Oxygen's Role in Combustion
Supports burning, oxidizes substances
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Oxygen's Role in Respiration
Essential for energy release in living cells
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Test for Oxygen
Relights a glowing splint
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Glowing Splint
A splint that has been lit and then blown out, leaving an ember
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Oxygen Oxidation States
-2 (most common), -1 (peroxides), -½ (superoxides), 0 (in O2), +2 (with fluorine)
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Ozone Formula
O3
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Ozone Formation
Electrical discharge through oxygen
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Ozone Layer Function
Absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere
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Oxides
Compounds containing oxygen and another element.
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Oxide Formation
Direct combination of elements with oxygen.
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Oxide Classification
Acidic, basic, amphoteric, neutral.
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Acidic Oxides
Oxides of non-metals (e.g., $CO_2, SO_2, N_2O_5$).
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Acidic Oxides Reaction with Water
Form acids.
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Basic Oxides
Oxides of metals (e.g., $Na_2O, CaO, MgO$).
102
Basic Oxides Reaction with Water
Form alkalis.
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Amphoteric Oxides
Oxides that show both acidic and basic properties (e.g., $Al_2O_3, ZnO$).
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Amphoteric Oxides Reaction
React with both acids and alkalis to form salts and water.
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Neutral Oxides
"Oxides that show neither acidic nor basic properties (e.g., $CO, NO, H_2O$)
"Combustion","A chemical process involving rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant
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Combustible Substance
A substance that can undergo combustion (burn).
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Oxidant
A substance that supports combustion (e.g., oxygen)."Ignition Temperature
108
Heat of Combustion
The amount of heat released during the complete combustion of a specified amount of a substance.
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Complete Combustion Products
Carbon dioxide and water (if the substance contains carbon and hydrogen).
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Incomplete Combustion Products
Carbon monoxide and water (due to limited oxygen supply).
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Factors Affecting Combustion
Availability of oxygen surfacearea of combustible material.
112
Uses of Combustion
Power generation, heating, industrial processes.
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Safety Precautions (Combustion)
"Control of flammable materials, ventilation, fire extinguishers.
"Sulphur Occurrence","Found in both free and combined states."
"Free Sulphur Deposits","Volcanic regions (e.g.
114
Combined Sulphur Forms
Sulphides (e.g., iron pyrite - $FeS_2$), sulphates (e.g., gypsum - $CaSO_4.2H_2O$).
115
Extraction of Sulphur (Frasch Process)
Used for underground deposits.
116
Frasch Process Method
Superheated water, compressed air pumped down concentric pipes to melt and lift sulfur.
117
Sulphur Allotropes
Rhombic sulphur, monoclinic sulphur, plastic sulphur.
118
Rhombic Sulphur
Yellow, crystalline solid, stable at room temperature.
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Monoclinic Sulphur
Prismatic crystals, stable above 95.5°C.
120
Plastic Sulphur
Amorphous, elastic material, formed by rapid cooling of molten sulphur.
121
Sulphur Dioxide Formula
$SO_2$
122
Sulphur Dioxide Preparation (Lab)
Reaction of a sulphite with a dilute acid.
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Sodium Sulphite + HCl Equation
$Na_2SO_3(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow 2NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l) + SO_2(g)$
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Sulphur Dioxide Properties
Colorless gas, pungent choking smell, denser than air.
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Test for Sulphur Dioxide
Turns acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution from orange to green.
126
Test Equation
"$Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq) + 14H^+(aq) + 3SO_2(g) \rightarrow 2Cr^{3+}(aq) + 7H_2O(l) + 3SO_4^{2-}(aq
"Sulphur Dioxide Uses","Manufacture of sulphuric acid
127
Sulphur Trioxide Formula
$SO_3$
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Sulphur Trioxide Preparation (Industrial)
Catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide (Contact Process).
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Contact Process Catalyst
Vanadium(V) oxide ($V_2O_5$).
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Sulphur Trioxide Properties
Colorless liquid or solid, fumes strongly in moist air.
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Sulphur Trioxide Reaction with Water
Forms sulphuric acid ($H_2SO_4$).
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Sulphuric Acid Formula
$H_2SO_4$
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Sulphuric Acid Preparation (Industrial)
Contact Process.
134
Sulphuric Acid Properties
Colorless, oily liquid, very corrosive, strong dehydrating agent.
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Dilute Sulphuric Acid Properties
Typical acid properties.
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Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Properties
Strong dehydrating and oxidizing agent.
137
Test for Sulphate Ion
$SO_4^{2-}$
138
Test Equation
"$Ba^{2+}(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(
"Uses of Sulphuric Acid","Manufacture of fertilizers
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Sulphur Cycle
The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of sulfur through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
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Sulphur Sources in the Cycle
Volcanic emissions, weathering of rocks, decomposition of organic matter.
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Sulphur in the Atmosphere
Sulphur dioxide ($SO_2$), hydrogen sulphide ($H_2S$), sulphate aerosols.
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Acid Rain Formation
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in atmospheric water to form acids.
143
Effects of Acid Rain
Damage to buildings, forests, aquatic life.
144
Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
Use of low-sulphur fuels, flue gas desulphurization.
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Hydrogen Sulphide Formula
$H_2S$
146
Hydrogen Sulphide Preparation
Reaction of a metal sulphide with a dilute acid.
147
Iron(II) Sulphide + HCl Equation
$FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow FeCl_2(aq) + H_2S(g)$
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Hydrogen Sulphide Properties
Colorless gas, characteristic foul odor (rotten eggs), poisonous.
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Test for Hydrogen Sulphide
Turns lead(II) ethanoate paper black.
150
Test Equation
"$Pb^{2+}(aq) + S^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow PbS(s
"Silicon Occurrence","Second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen)."
"Silicon Sources","Silica ($SiO_2$)
151
Silicon Properties
Metalloid, semiconductor, exists in crystalline and amorphous forms.
152
Silicon Uses
Electronics (semiconductors), glass, ceramics, polymers (silicones).
153
Germanium Occurrence
Found in trace amounts in some ores.
154
Germanium Properties
Metalloid, semiconductor.
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Germanium Uses
Electronics (transistors, semiconductors), infrared optics.
156
Boron Occurrence
Found in borax and other borate minerals.
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Boron Properties
Non-metal, hard, high melting point.
158
Boron Uses
"Glass industry (borosilicate glass), ceramics, detergents.
"Metalloids Bonding","Can form covalent bonds with other non-metals and themselves."
"Metalloids Oxide Nature","Often amphoteric (can react with both acids and bases)."
"Metalloids Conductivity","Semiconductors - their electrical conductivity is between that of conductors and insulators."
"Semiconductors Application","Essential components in electronic devices like transistors and integrated circuits."
"Importance of Non-metals and Metalloids","Fundamental building blocks of life
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Environmental Impact of Non-metals
Can contribute to pollution (e.g., sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides), but also play vital roles in environmental cycles (e.g., nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle).
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Sustainable Use of Non-metals
"Recycling, reducing emissions, developing environmentally friendly alternatives
