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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

yield hydrogen ion (H+) or hydronium ion when dissolve in water

A

Acid

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2
Q

yield hydroxyl ion

A

Base

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3
Q

relative strength of an acid and base ; ability to dissociate in water

A

K value or ionization constant

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4
Q

Negative log of ionization constant

A

pKa

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5
Q

Combination of weak acid and weak/conjugate base; prevents changes in pH

A

Buffer

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6
Q

Principle Buffer System:

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid System (pKa of 6.1)

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7
Q

Buffer Reference Value

A

7.40 H+ or 40 mmol/L

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8
Q

Major Buffer System (4)

A

Bicarbonate -Carbonic Acid
Protein Buffer
Phosphate Buffer
Hemoglobin Buffer System

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9
Q

Principle Buffer System of the Body

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System

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10
Q

H2CO3 (Weak Acid)

A. Releases Hydrogen ion
B. Do not release ion

A

B. Do not release ion

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11
Q

It carries both acidic and basic charge to be able to find or release excess hydrogen

A

Protein Buffer System

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12
Q

present in plasma proteins which are NEGATIVE in charge and capable of binding with H+

A

Imidazole groups of histidine

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13
Q

Buffer System by which excess H+ combines in renal tubules with Na2PO4

Sodium is reabsorbed and H+ is passed in urine

A

Phosphate Buffer System

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14
Q

Plays a role in plasma and RBC involved in exchange of sodium ion in the urine H+ filtrate

A

Phosphate Buffer System

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15
Q

Amino acid that produces NH3

A

Glutamine

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16
Q

Excreted form of ammonia in urine

A

NH4

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17
Q

Decreased pH = ____ NH3

A

Increased NH3

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18
Q

Inability to produce acidic urine

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis

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19
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis that is characterized with defective H+ secretion

A

Type I (Distal RTA)

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20
Q

Type of RTA with reduced reabsorption of HCO3

A

Type II (Proximal RTA)

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21
Q

Type of RTA with decreased ammoniagenesis

A

Type IV RTA

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22
Q

Buffer system involves CO2 combining with H2O forming H2CO3 by CARBONIC ANHYDRASE found in RBC then dissociates into HCO3+

A

Hemoglobin-Oxyhemoglobin Buffer System

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23
Q

Oxygen Dissociation Curve:

Shift to the ___: Acidosis

A

Right

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24
Q

Oxygen Dissociation Curve:

Shift to the ___: Alkalosis

25
Organs Associated in Maintaining pH
Lungs and Kidneys
26
Reference range of Acid-Base Balance
35 to 45 mmol/L
27
Main role to regulate H+
Bicarbonate + Carbonic Acid System
28
Two Components: Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid
1. Bicarbonate 2. Carbonic Acid
29
Bicarbonate HCO3 ---> H + HCO3 = H2CO3
Basic pH
30
Carbonic acid H2CO3 --> H2CO3 + OH = HCO3 + H2O
Acidic pH
31
HCO3 to H2CO3 ratio
20:1
32
pKa = pKa + log A/HA
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
33
Regulates pH by retention or elimination of CO2 by changing the rate and volume of VENTILATION
Lungs (Respiratory)
34
Represented by pCO2 (H2CO3)
Lungs
35
Hypoventilation - ____ CO2
Increased CO2 : Acidosis
36
Hyperventilation - ____ CO2
Decreased CO2 - Alkalosis
37
Regulates pH by excreting acid, primarily ammonium ion and reclaimingHCO3 from glomerular filtrate
Kidney
38
Represented by HCO3
Kidney (Metabolic)
39
IV Infusion of lactate, acetate and HCO3 Excess chloride (sweating, vomiting, prolonged nasogastric suction)
Increased HCO3
40
Use of diuretics Excessive loss of cations Kidney dysfunction like chronic nephritis
Decreased HCO3
41
Increased pCO2 Observed in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Emphysema, Asthma Myasthenia gravis Barbituates, Morphine, Alcohol Asphyxiation Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Primary Respiratory Acidosis
42
Hyperventilation Hysteria Hypoxia Salicylates Increase Environmenal Temperature Pulmonary Emboli, Fibrosis Hepatic Cirrhosis Asipirin Overdose
Primary Respiratory Alkalosis
43
Excess administration of sodium bicarbonate Ingestion of bicarbonate producing salts such as lactate, citrate and acetate loss of acid due to VOMITING
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis
44
Specimen needed for Acid-Balance and Blood-Gas Test
Arterial Blood (warmed @45 dec for 5 minutes)
45
Sample taken for pH and CO2
Venous blood (w/o tourniquet & clenching)
46
Dead space in the needle should be filled with sterile
Anticoagulant (Heparin)
47
Samples are placed in ___
Ice (Slurry Ice)
48
For every 20 minutes delay the pH lowers
0.01
49
Blood Gas Analysis routinely made @37c For each grade of Fever in the patient:
pO2 will fall by 7% pCO2 will rise by 3% pH will decrease by 0.015
50
Measured by Blood Gas Instrument (3)
pH pCO2 pO2
51
Instrument to Measure: pH
Potentiometry Sands Electrode
52
Instrument to Measure: Silver-Silver Chloride Calomel (HgCl2) is a reference method for
pH
53
Instrument to Measure: pCO2
Clark Electrode (Polarography/Amperometry)
54
Instrument to Measure: pO2
Severinghaus Electrode (Potentiometry)
55
Total CO2 Content: HCO3 is converted to oxaloacetic acid by PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE measured spectrophotometrically (malate --> malate dehydrogenase) NADH ; UV Light Chromogen
Automated Enzymatic Method
56
Total CO2 Content: Use of Silicone-rubber gas dialysis membrane Cresol res at pH 9.2 Buffered Cresol Red Solution Decrease in Color Intensity is proportional to CO2 content Spectrophotometer at 430 nm
Automated Colorimetric Method
57
Total CO2 Content: Pulse oximeter principle
Photometry
58
Total CO2 Content: Based on red and Infrared Light
Pulse Oximeter

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (29 decks)

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