Carbohydrates

Question 1

Hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on carboxyl functional group

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Different Classifications of Carbohydrates:

Answer 2

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 3

Starch and Cellulose

Answer 3

Polysaccharide

Question 4

simplest carbohydrate

Answer 4

Glycol aldehyde

Question 5

Only carbohydrate that can be used directly for energy

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

Glucose Metabolism intermediate products:

Answer 6

1. Pyruvic acid
2. Lactic Acid
3. Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 7

Glucose Metabolism after COMPLETE OXIDATION:

Answer 7

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water
3. ATP

Question 8

Reducing sugars are:

Answer 8

Glucose
Galactose
Maltose
Lactose
Fructose

Question 9

Non-Reducing Sugars:

Answer 9

Sucrose
Trehalose (Found in mushroom)

Question 10

Produced by the Beta Cells of Pancreatic islets of langerhans ;
Promotes entry of cells in LIVER, MUSCLE, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

Answer 10

Insulin

Question 11

Produced by DELTA cells of pancreatic islet of Langerhans; INHIBITS secretion insulin, glucagon and growth hormones

Answer 11

Somatostatin

Question 12

Produced by Anterior pituitary gland known to be a INSULIN ANTAGONIST

Answer 12

Growth Hormone
ACTH (secretes cortisol)

Question 13

Secreted by Adrenal Gland
stimulates NEO-LI-GLY

Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis

Answer 13

Cortisol / Glucocorticoids

Question 14

Produced by MEDULLA of the adrenal gland. It stimulates GLY-Li

Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

Answer 14

Epinephrine / Adrenaline

Question 15

Secreted by the ALPHA CELLS of pancreatic islets of langerhan; stimulates NEO-GLY

MAJOR HYPERGLCEMIC AGENT

Answer 15

Glucagon

Question 16

Produced by thyroid gland; increased absorption of glucose from intestine

Answer 16

Thyroxine

Question 17

Glucose –> Pyruvate/Lactate + ATP

For Energy use

Answer 17

Glycolysis

Question 18

Amino acid , Glycerol, Lactate —> Glucose, Ketones, Urea Nitrogen

• Formation of glucose from non-CHO group

Answer 18

Gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Glycogen —> Glucose

Answer 19

Glycogenolysis

Question 20

Glucose —> Glycogen

Answer 20

Glycogenesis

Question 21

Triglycerides —> Fatty acids + Glycerol

Answer 21

Lipolysis

Question 22

Glucose —> Fatty acids

Answer 22

Lipogenesis

Question 23

Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA = ATP

Answer 23

Tricarboxylic Acid and Electron Transport System

Question 24

TCA and ETS happens within

Answer 24

Mitochondria

Question 25

___ ATP per ___ A-CoA is produced in very cycle of ETS

Answer 25

24 ATP per 12 A-CoA

Question 26

Glucose ---> NADPH

Answer 26

Hexose Monophosphate shunt

Question 27

Energy source of many ANABOLIC Reactions and GLYCOLYSIS in RBCs since they lacked Mitochondria

Answer 27

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

Question 28

Toxic to beta cells and impaired insulin secretion

Answer 28

Hyperglygcemia

Question 29

Stress Severe infection Dehydration Pregnancy Hemachromatosis Pancreatectomy Insulin Deficiency Abnormal Insulin Function

Answer 29

Hyperglycemia

Question 30

HYPERGLYCEMIA: Glucosuria happens when glucose level reached ____

Answer 30

160-180 mg/dL

Question 31

HYPERGLYCEMIA: Period of plateu glucose level

Answer 31

300-500 mg/dL

Question 32

Hyperglycemia Lab Findings: Increased Blood glucose Increased urine specific gravity Ketones in serum and urine Decreased pH of blood and urine Electrolytes imbalance (Decreased Na, Increased K)

Answer 32

Hyperglycemia

Question 33

Imbalance between production and utilization of glucose

Answer 33

Hypoglycemia

Question 34

Basis of Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia

Answer 34

Whipple's Triad

Question 35

1. Low Blood Pressure 2. CNS symptoms (Syncope, Weakness, Irritability, Death) 3. Alleviation of symptoms after glucose administration

Answer 35

Whipple's Triad

Question 36

Infants and Children who lacks this hormone are prone to Hypoglycemia

Answer 36

Cortisol Growth Hormone

Question 37

Condition with Decrease CORTISOL

Answer 37

Addison's Disease

Question 38

Condition with decrease GROWTH HORMONE

Answer 38

Dwarfism

Question 39

Diagnostic Test for Hypoglycemia

Answer 39

5-hour Tolerance Test (Hypoglycemic "dip" often after3 hrs)

Question 40

5-hour Tolerance Test: 65-70 mg/dL

Answer 40

Presence of glucagon and other glycemic hormones

Question 41

5-hour Tolerance Test <60 mg/dL

Answer 41

Suggestive of Hypoglycemia

Question 42

5-hour Tolerance Test <50-55 mg/dL

Answer 42

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia starts to appear

Question 43

Gives more energy than glucose

Answer 43

Fatty acids