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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Endocrine: Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Endocrine: Pituitary Gland Flashcards

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1
Q

Also known as hypophysis: Master gland

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

All pituitary hormones are characterized with

A

Circardian rhythms

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3
Q

Release other hormones

A

Tropic hormones

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4
Q

Feedback loop
Pulsatile secretion
Diurnal Rhythms
Environmental and External modification

A

Features of pituitary gland

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5
Q

Hormones secreted in the morning:

A

ACAI

ACTH
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Iron

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6
Q

Hormones secreted or high in the Evening:

A

PTAG

PTH
TSH
ACP
GH

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7
Q

Peak at: 4-6 am or 6-8am
Low: 8-12am

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

Peak at: 4-8am & 8-10pm

A

Prolactin

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9
Q

Subject to external modulation and generally influenced or modified by higher neutral input

A

Open-Loop Negative Feedback System

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10
Q

Open-Loop Negative Feedback System (3)

A

Short Feedback Loop - Pituitary

Long Feedback Loop - Hypothalamus

Ultra-Short Loop - Hypothalamus and Pituitary

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11
Q

Pituitary Hormones classification (2)

A

Tropic - stimulates activity of other endocrine glands

Direct Effector - direct effect in pheripheral tissue

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12
Q

Anatomy: Three (3) Major Parts of Pituitary

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary /Adenohypophysis
  2. Intermediate lobe / Pars Intermediate
  3. Posterior or Neurohypophysis
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13
Q

Considered not true endocrine gland

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

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14
Q

Pituitary tumors

<1 cm

A

Microadenoma

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15
Q

Pituitary Hormone

> 1cm

A

Microadenomas

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16
Q

ANTERIOR LOBE:

Five types of cell by Immunological Test

A
  1. Somatotrophs (GH)
  2. Gonadotrophs (LH, FSH)
  3. Thythroph (TSH)
  4. Lactotrophs /Mammotroph (Prolactin)
  5. Corticotrophs (ACTH, B-endorphins, B-lipoproteins)
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17
Q

Ovary Ovulation and Progesterone production

Testosterone synthesis by Testes

A

LH

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18
Q

Ovaries (Estrogen synthesis and Oogenesis)

Testis (Spermatogenesis)

A

FSH

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19
Q

Thyroid Function

A

TSH (T3 and T4)

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20
Q

Glucocorticoid synthesis; adrenal steroidgenesis

A

ACTH

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21
Q

IGF-1 Synthesis; metabolism in numerous tissues to produce growth factors

A

GH (Direct Effector)

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22
Q

Lactation

A

Prolactin (Direct Effector)

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23
Q

Precursor of endorphins

A

B-lipoprotein

24
Q

Most abundant of all pituitary hormones

A

Growth Hormones

25
Q

Growth Hormones is controlled by

A

GnRH
Somatostatin

26
Q

Stimulate secretion of GHRH is

A

Ghrelin

27
Q

Growth Hormone is similar to:

A

Prolactin
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

28
Q

Excessive Growth hormone seen in adults

A

Acromegaly

29
Q

Excess GH in children

A

Gigantism

30
Q

Deficient GH

A

dwarfism

31
Q

Growth Hormone Deficiency Tests:

  1. Gold Standard
  2. 2nd confirmatory test
A
  1. Insulin Tolerance Test (<50-55 mg /dL: Coma/CNS problems)
  2. L-Dopa / Arginine Stimulation Test (stimulate release of GH; every 30 mins monitoring)
32
Q

Growth Hormone Excess:

Screening Test
Confirmatory

A

Screening Test: Somatomedin C
Confirmatory: OGGT (75 grams)

33
Q

OGTT Normal Values

A

Normal - GH undetectable after glucose load

Acromegaly - GH is not supressed

34
Q

Amino acid is similar to GH

A

Prolactin

35
Q

Prolactin acts in conjugation with ____ and ___

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

36
Q

Prolactin

Specimen Requirement

A

3-4 hrs after patient wakes up

37
Q

Peak time of Prolactin

A

4-8am
8-10pm

38
Q

Major inhibitory factor of Prolactin

A

Dopamine

39
Q

3 forms of circulating prolactin:

A
  1. Non-glycosylated monomer
  2. Big prolactin
  3. macro-prolactin
40
Q

3 forms of circulating prolactin:

major form of prolactin

A

Non-glycosylated monomer

41
Q

3 forms of circulating prolactin:

dimeric and trimeric glycosylated form

A

Big prolactin

42
Q

3 forms of circulating prolactin:

Less physiologically active form

A

Macro-prolactin

43
Q

Galactorrhea
Amenorhea
Pituitary Adenoma

A

Hyperprolactinoma

44
Q

Most common cause of Pituitary Tumor ; anovulation

A

Prolactinoma

45
Q

Not a true Pituitary gland; only stores

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

46
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland Stores

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin /ADH

47
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Stimulates CONTRACTION of gravid uterus ; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS ; orgasm

A

Oxytocin

48
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Plays a role in hemostasis at placental site; useful in predicting Pre-term labor and Tumor (Oat cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of pancreas)

A

Oxytocin

49
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Major function of ADH to maintain osmotic homeostasis by regulating water balance (DCT and Collecting tubes)

A

Vasopressin /ADH

50
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Maintenance of blood volume, pressure, tonicity

A

Vasopressin /ADH

51
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Vasopressin /ADH diagnostics test

A

Water Deprivation Test

8-12 HRS W/O FLUID
Measure osmolality
NORMAL: not more than 300 mOsm/kg

INCREASED: ETHANOL POISONING

52
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Deficient in ADH
Normal ADH receptors
Large Volume of Urine excreted (Polyuria)

A

True Diabetes Insipidus
(Diabetic, Neurogenic, Cranial, Central Diabetes)

53
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Normal ADH
Abnomal ADH receptors
Failure of kidney to respond to elevated ADH

Urine Output >2.5 L/day

A

Nephrogenic DI

54
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

Nephrogenic DI diagnostic Test

A

Water deprivation Test

55
Q

POSTERIOR LOBE:

uncontrolled secretion of ADH without any known stimulus for release. ADH is released even blood volume is normal or increased and plasma osmolality is low

A

SIADH

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (29 decks)

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