Acid Base Balance

Question 1

Extracellular fluid includes

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid

Plasma

Lymph

CSF

Other body fluids

Question 2

Intracellular fluid includes

Answer 2

The fluid inside cytosol

Makes up about 2/3 of the total body water

Question 3

What is fluid balance

Answer 3

Fluid is in a balance when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount of fluid lost each day

Question 4

Electrolyte balance

Answer 4

The ion gained each day equals the ion loss

Electrolytes are ions

Question 5

Acid base balance

Answer 5

H+ gain is offset by their loss

Question 6

When acid base balance exists, what happens to the pH of body fluid

Answer 6

It remains normal (7.35-7.45)

Question 7

Homeostatic mechanism response to changes in

Answer 7

ECF

Question 8

How many receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance

Answer 8

None

Question 9

How can fluid and electrolytes be monitored

Answer 9

By responding to changes in

plasma volume

Or

Osmotic concentrations

Question 10

All water moves passively in response to

Answer 10

Osmotic gradients

Question 11

Body content of water or electrolytes ______ if intake exceeds outflow

Answer 11

Rises

Question 12

What are the major cations inside the cell

Answer 12

Potassium

Magnesium

Question 13

Major cations outside the cell include

Answer 13

Sodium

Calcium

Question 14

There is a much higher concentration of potassium in the ____than the ______

Answer 14

ICF

ECF

Question 15

There is a much higher concentration of sodium in the _____ than in the _____

Answer 15

ECF

ICF

Question 16

Major anions inside the cell include

Answer 16

Chloride

Proteins

Phosphates (HPO4)

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

SO4

Question 17

There is a much higher concentration of proteins and phosphate in the _____ than in the _____

Answer 17

ICF

ECF

Question 18

There is a much higher concentration of chloride in the _____ than in the _____

Answer 18

ECF

ICF

Question 19

Fluid moves freely within

Answer 19

ECF

Question 20

Water, electrolytes, proteins, fats and other nutrients and molecules are normally balanced by gains via

Answer 20

Eating

Drinking

Metabolic generation

Question 21

Losses of water and other molecules are by

Answer 21

Unite

Respiratory losses

Perspiration

Fecal loss

Question 22

What happens if plasma levels fall below 7.35

Answer 22

Acidosis

Question 23

What happens if plasma levels rise about 7.45

Answer 23

Alkalosis

Question 24

What is the most important facto affecting pH of ECF

Answer 24

Carbonic acid

Question 25

CO2 reacts with water to form _______

Answer 25

Carbonic acid

Question 26

What kind of relationship is there between pH and CO2 concentration

Answer 26

Inverse relationship

Question 27

Buffer system consists of a

Answer 27

Weak acid And It’s anion

Question 28

What are the 3 Major buffering systems

Answer 28

Protein buffer system Hemoglobin buffer system Carbonic acid bicarbonate

Question 29

Protein buffer system

Answer 29

Amino acid

Question 30

Hemoglobin buffer system

Answer 30

H+ are buffered by hemoglobin

Question 31

Carbonic acid bicarbonate

Answer 31

Buffers changes caused by organic and fixed acids

Question 32

What are the limitations of carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 32

Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2 levels Only functions when respiratory system and control centers are working normally It is limited by availability of bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve)

Question 33

Lungs help regulate pH through

Answer 33

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system Changing respiratory rates changes PCO2 Respiratory compensation

Question 34

Kidneys help regulate pH through

Answer 34

Renal compensation

Question 35

What are the 2 categories acid base imbalances fall into

Answer 35

Respiratory Metabolic

Question 36

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 36

when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep pace with the body’s rate of CO2 production Carbon dioxide accumulates in the ECF and lowers its pH Occurs in emphysema where there is a severe reduction of functional alveoli

Question 37

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 37

Results from hyperventilation CO2 eliminated faster than it is produced

Question 38

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 38

Increased production of organic acids such as lactic acid in anaerobic fermentation, and ketone bodies seen in alcoholism, and diabetes mellitus Ingestion of acidic drugs (aspirin) Loss of base due to chronic diarrhea, laxative overuse

Question 39

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 39

Rare, but can result from: • Overuse of bicarbonates (antacids and IV bicarbonate solutions) • Loss of stomach acid (chronic vomiting)