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A&P II Exam 4 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

development involves

A

cell division and differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION IS THE CREATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS

changes in anatomical structures
INCLUDES GRADUAL MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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2
Q

development begins at

A

fertilization

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3
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of 2 haploid gametes (egg and sperm)

each has 23 chromosomes to produce a zygote with 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

fertilization occurs in

A

the uterine tubes (IN THE AMPULLA REGION)

AKA fallopian tubes

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5
Q

spermatozoa cant fertilize an ovum until

A

after capacitation

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6
Q

steps of fertilization

A

ovulation

fertlization

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7
Q

ovulation

A

the oocyte is in metaphase of meiosis II
IT DIDNT COMPLETE MEIOSIS II

oocyte and polar body is surrounded by corona radiate
IT COMPLETED MEIOSIS II

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8
Q

fertilization step

A

oocyte is surrounded by sperm

acrosomal enzyme from several sperms create gaps in corona radiata

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9
Q

what happens when one sperm makes contact with the oocyte membrane

A

sperm and oocyte fuse

process of meiosis will be complete

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10
Q

ovulation occurs before

A

the oocyte is completely mature

BEFORE MEIOSIS IS COMPLETED

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11
Q

what phase of meiosis II is an ovulated oocyte in

A

metaphase

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12
Q

when is meiosis complete

A

if an egg is fertilized

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13
Q

what happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur

A

the oocyte will disintegrate without completing meiosis

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14
Q

oocyte is surround by

A

corona radiate

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15
Q

spermatozoa releases

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

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16
Q

hyaluronidase and acrosin are required to

A

penetrate corona radiate

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17
Q

a single spermatozoan contacts oocyte.. this will cause fertilization to begin

A

oocyte activation

polyspermy prevented by cortical reaction

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18
Q

development can be divided into

A

prenatal

post natal

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19
Q

prenatal development begins at _____ and ends with _____

A

prenatal development begins at fertilization and ends with birth

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20
Q

prenatal development includes

A

embryological development
CHANGES OCCURING DURING FIRST 2 MONTHS AFTER FERTILIZATION

fetal development
BEGINS AT THE START OF 9 WEELS AND CONTINUES UNTIL BIRTH

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21
Q

postnatal development

A

starts at birth and continues

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22
Q

first trimester

A

period of embryological and early fetal development

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23
Q

what are the 4 processes that occur during the first trimester

A

cleavage

implantation

placentation

embryogenesis

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24
Q

preembryonic stage

A

first 16 days of development for an embryo

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25
what are the 3 processes for an embryo
cleavage implantation embryogenesis
26
cleavage
1st cell division | occurs in first 3 days while conceptus migrates down uterine tube
27
zygote
becomes a preembryo and then a blastocyst
28
blastocyst includes
trophoblast inner cell mass
29
trophoblast
outer layer of squamous cells destined to form placenta
30
inner cell mass
cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst
31
first cleavage occurs within ___ after fertilization
30 hours | zygote splits into 2 daughter cells (blastomeres)
32
when conceptus arrives in the uterus
happens 72 hours after ovulation morula stage still no larger than the zygote cleavage produces smaller and smaller blastomeres
33
morula stage
solid ball of 16 cells that resembles a mullberry
34
how long does the morula lies free in uterine cavity
4-5 days divides into 100 cells zona pellucida disintergrates and releases blastocyst
35
blastocyst
hallow sphere
36
embryoblast
inner cell mass destined to become embryo
37
blastocoel
internal cavity
38
implantation
attachment of blastocyst into uterine endometrium 7 days after fertilization
39
placentation
blood vessels form around blastocyst and placenta develops
40
embryogenesis
formation of a viable embryo establishes foundations for all major organ systems
41
gastrulation
embryonic disc composed of germ layers endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
42
in gastrulation what happened by day 12
surface cells move toward primitive streak medoderm forms
43
ectoderm
superficial cells that did not migrate
44
endoderm
cells facing the blastocoele
45
mesoderm
migrating cells between ectoderm and endoderm
46
what are the 4 extraembryonic membranes
yolk sac amnion allantois chorion
47
yolk sac
important site of blood cell formation
48
amnion
encloses fluid that surrounds and cushions developing embryo
49
allantois
becomes bladder
50
chorion
turns into placenta
51
chorionic villi
extends into maternal tissue forms intricate branching network for maternal blood
52
what are the hormones that trophoblast secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy
HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin Estrogens Progesterone hPL: human placenta lactin: development of breasts Placental prolactin Relaxin
53
second trimester
months 4-6 organ systems increase in complexity
54
third trimester
months 7-9 many organs become fully functional fetus undergoes largest weight change at the end of gestation, fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of position
55
maternal adaptations include
increased respiratory rate blood volume nutrient and vitamin uptake glomerular filtration rate
56
progesterone inhibits
uterine muscle contraction
57
goal of labor is
parturition
58
stages of labor
dilation expulsion placental
59
dilation
the cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal | ENDS WHEN BABY IS CROWNING
60
expulsion
cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges | ENDS WHEN UMBILICAL CORD IS OUT
61
placental
ejection of placenta
62
neonatal period
from birth to 1 months respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and urinary systems adjust infant must thermoregulate maternal mammary glands sescrete colostrum first few days Milk production after both secretions are relwased via the milk let down reflex
63
body proportions change during
infancy and childhood
64
adolsecense
begins at puberty period of sexual maturation ends when growth is completed
65
puberty is marked by
increased production of GnRH rapid increase in circulating FSH and LH ovaries and testes become sensitive to FSH and LH gamete production initiated sex hormones produced grwoth rate increases
66
senescense
aging affects functional capabilities of all systems

A&P II Exam 4 (5 decks)

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