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Actions Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hepatic

A

Aids liver function

Indications :
detox
liver disease
hepatic torpor ( lazy liver)

Herbs:
Milk thistle

Most bitters are hepatics

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2
Q

Milk Thistle and MoA

A

Hepatic
Hepatoprotective

1) Increases glutathione - stimulates the
production of glutathione (support phase II detox)

2) binds to hepatocytes
3) antioxidant
4) prevents binding of toxins
5) inhibits beta glucoronidase

Milk thistle stops the cleaving of the sugar molecule by bacteria, allowing the molecule to stay water soluble.

Without the cleaving, it can cause problems like constipation, skin issues, and hormonal problems. ex) estrogen in the GI tract

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3
Q

Hepatoprotective

A

Actions: indirectly/directly helps protect the liver

Indications: 
detox
hepititis
adverse drug reaction
mushroom posioning
alcohol

Herbs:

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Tumeric (Curcuma Longa)
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4
Q

Antiulcerogenic ( GI)

A

Actions:
speeds up healing of ulcers and prevents
System:
GI, (Skin)

Indications:
Gastritis, gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, leg ulcer

from H-pylori, pain meds, liquor, acute stress

Herbs:

Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria)
Chamomine ( Matricaria recutita)

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5
Q

Meadowsweet

A

Antiulcerogenic (GI)

Antacid

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6
Q

Antacid and MoA

A

Actions:
decreases acidity in the stomach

Indications:
ulcers, gastritis, reflux

Herbs:
meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)

MoA: Meadowsweet inhibits histidine decarboxylase that makes histimine (which stimulates stomach acid secretions)

Not for long term use

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7
Q

Vulnerary (Internal)

A

Actions:
speeds up wound healing

System:
GI, skin

Indications:
gastric ulcers
mouth ulcers
esophagitis ( heartburn)

Herbs:
Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla)

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8
Q

Astringent GI and MOA

A

Actions:
contracts and thickens to decrease permiability and increase resistance to physical stress

System:
GI

Indications:
diarrhea, ulcers, wound healing

Herbs:
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
and Oak ( Quercus spp.)

Moa:
Tans the mucous membranes making them less permeable
- destroys protein based toxins from microorganisms.

Caution : decreases absorption of nutrients and certain medications

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9
Q

Demulcent ( GI)

A

Actions:
soothes dry irritated mucous membranes by creating a protective coating

Indications:
inflammation of GI tract ( heartburn, refluc, ulcer, gastritis, colitis, etc. )

Herbs:

Marshmallow ( Althaea officinalis)
Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra)
Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Caution, May reduce the absorption of medications.

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10
Q

Direct and Indirect Moa of Demulcents.

A

Direct :
1) Soluble fiber (Marshmallow & slippery elm)
create mucous - like gel. serves as protection from acid, and makes and acid shield. Supplement with extra slime.

Indirect:
Gets your body to make more slime, it stimulates mucous productions.
More of a wet, lubricating mucous, not thick.
Expectorants fit in here.

licorice, marshmallow, slippery elm

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11
Q

Slippery elm

A

demulcent

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12
Q

Bulk Laxitive &MoA

A

Actions:
promotes bowl movements by increasing the volume of stool

System:
GI

Indications:
sluggish bowels,
chronic constipation

Herbs: 
psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium)

ground flax ( linum usitatissimum)

MoA : high fiber absorbs water and expands
makes the stool more malleable
stimulates stretch receptors to stimulate peristalsis.

Caution : may aggravate acute constipation
take with lots of water.

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13
Q

Stimulating Laxative

A

Actions:
Promotes bowel movements by causing influx of water into the lumen and directly stimultes peristalsis

System:
GI

Indications:
acute constipation

Herbs:

castor oil ( shouldn't use this internally)
effects small and large intestine BM in 3-5 hours

senna (Cassia Senna ; Senna alexandrina)
activates large intestine. BM in 6-8 hrs.

Aloe ( Aloe vera) inner leaf, not gel

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14
Q

Stimulating Laxitive MOA

A

Anthraquinon glycosides

  1. Increase influx of fluid into the lumen
  2. Increases peristalsis.
    (defication usually in 6-8 hrs)
  • Na is pumped in, and there is hydrolysis by gut bacteria.

Side effects :
- red/brown urine
hypokalemia ( low serum potassium, can mess with salt levels)
malanosis (stained and spotted inner bowels)
colic (cramping pain)

Dependece can occur in 10-14 days

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15
Q

Stimulant

A

Actions:
stimulates the nervous system to inhance physical or mental abilities

System:
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Adrenals

Indications:
Poor concentration
fatigue

Herbs:
(not on slide)

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16
Q

Sympathomimetic and MOA

A

Actions:
mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Indications:
poor concentration, fatigue, respiratory, weight loss

Herbs: 
Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
Bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium)
Coca plant ( Erythroxylum coca)
coffee ( Coffea arabiaca)

MOA :
- enhances the effects of Neurotransmitters by :

  • binding to their receptors
  • increasing their release
  • preventing the re-uptake at the synaptic junction
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17
Q

Bitter Orange

A

Citrus aurantium
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic

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18
Q

Coca plant

A

Erythroxylum coca
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic

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19
Q

Coffee

A

Coffea arabica

Sympathomimetic

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20
Q

Thermogenic + MOA

A

Actions:
stimulate metabolism to produce heat (fat breakdown)

Indications:
weight loss

Herbs: 
Green tea (Camelia sinesis)
Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)

MoA :
-increases heat production
increases basal metabolic rate
increases oxidation of fat

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21
Q

Parasympathomimetic and MOA

A

Actions:
mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

System:
Nervous, digestive, opthalmic

Indications:
dry mouth, glaucoma

Herbs:
jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.)
fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)

MoA :
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors and drugs can either
1) bind to muscarinic receptors (agonist)
2) inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine (cholinesterase inhibitor)

Not used in practice due to serious side effects

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22
Q

Jaborandi

A

Pilocarpus spp.
Parasympathomimetic

Not used in practice - dangerous side effects

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23
Q

Fly agaric

A

Amanita muscaria
Parasympathomimetic

Not used in practice - risk of serious side effects

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24
Q

Anticholinergic + MOA

A

Actions:
inhibits the effects of parasympathetic nervous system

System:
Nervous, Cardiovascular
Respiratory

Indications:
antidote for nerve gas poisoning
GI distress (cramping , nausea, vomitting)
asthma

Herbs: 
Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona)
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)

MOA : antagonist of muscarinic receptors

Not used in practice - serious side effects

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25
Deadly nightshade
Atropa belladona | Anticholingeric
26
Nervine
Actions: Benefits the nervous system and generally is considered to have a calming or nourishing effect System: Nervous Indications: stress, insomnia, restlessness, depression ``` Herbs: kava ( piper methysticum) valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata) Chamomile ( Matricaria recutita) Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum) ```
27
Kava
Piper methysticum Nervine Sedative anxiolytic
28
Valerian
Valeriana officinalis Nervine Sedative anxiolytic
29
Passion Flower
Passiflora incarnata Nervine Sedative anxiolytic
30
Skullcap
Scutellaria laterfloria Nervine Sedative anxiolytic
31
St. John's Wort
Hypericum perforatum Nervine Antidepressant (good for anxiety and depression - highly studied, but can have drug interactions)
32
Sedative + MoA
Actions: Calms the nervous system System: Nervous Indications: insomnia ``` Herbs: kava ( piper methysticum) valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata) Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) ``` MoA : generally affect the GABA system to have a calming effect on the Nervous system
33
P1 and P2 detox
Phase 1 detox ( makes a substance more reactive) --> liver Phase 2 detox --> something added to compound to make it more water or fat soluble.
34
Hepatoprotective Herbs
milk thistle | • turmeric
35
Antiulcerogenic herbs
licorice meadowsweet german chamomoile
36
Internal Vulnerary Herbs
Chamomile
37
GI astringent herbs
Witch Hazel | Oak
38
Demulcent Herbs
Marshmallow Slippery Elm Licorice
39
Bulk Laxitive (herbs)
psyllium | ground flax
40
Stim laxitive (herbs)
aloe ' resin' castor oil senna
41
Sympathomimetic Herbs
coca plant ephedra bitter orange coffee
42
Thermogenic Herbs
``` Herbs: • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • ephedra (Ephedra sinica) • bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) • cayenne (Capsicum annuum) • coca plant (Erythroxylum coca) ```
43
Parasympathomimetic ( cholinergics) herbs
jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.) | • fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)
44
Jimson weed
anticholinergic
45
Axiolytic
Actions: decrease anxiety Indications: anxiety Herbs: kava valerian passion flower skullcap MOA :
46
Antidepressent
Actions: Improves mood and decreases depression Herbs: St. Johns Wort Comments : enhance availability of NTs involved in mood such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA
47
Anxiolytic Herbs
kava (Piper methysticum) • valerian (Valeriana officinalis) • passion flower (Passiflora incarnata) • skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)
48
Actions: Indications: Herbs: MOA :
Actions: Indications: Herbs: MOA :
49
Nootropic
Actions: enhances cognition and memory Indications: learning/memory Herbs: Maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba) • Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) • Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng)
50
Maidenhair tree
Nootropic
51
Brahmi
Nootropic
52
Korean ginseng
Nootropic | adaptogen
53
Korean ginseng
Nootropic adaptogen Male tonic Cardiotonic
54
Hyoithalmic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
``` Signals sent from the hypothalmus to the pituitary which sends down to the adrenal glands. Increases influx of hydrocortisone and aldosterone which: - increases blood volume, increase BP -interferes with reproduction -increases blood sugar ``` All the bad things!! Continued stress on the body
55
astragalus
adaptogen
56
astragalus
adaptogen | cardiotonic
57
Siberian Ginseng
Adaptogen
58
American Ginseng
Adaptogen
59
Ashwagandha
Adaptogen
60
Adaptogen Indications
Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid hormones which influence most systems: * adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance) * metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss) * immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia) * reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction) * cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia) * digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
61
Adaptogen Indications
Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid hormones which influence most systems: * adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance) * metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss) * immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia) * reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction) * cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia) * digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
62
Male Tonic and MOA
Actions: tonifies the male reproductive tract Indications: aphrodisiac Herbs: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens • saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) MOA : modulates testosterone in the system through various mechanism • may inhibit 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
63
Male Tonic Herbs
``` Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens • saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) ```
64
Saw palmetto
Male Tonic
65
Adrenal Tonic and MOA
increases function of the adrenal gland ( cortex) Indication: Chronic stress. fatigue Herbs : licorice MOA : liquorice contains “glycyrrhetinic acids” that: - inhibits the conversion of cortisol to cortisone - prolongs the effects of cortisol licorice can elevate blood pressure (via sodium and water retention) • cause potassium loss (hypokalemia) • can cause “Pseudoaldosteronism” (hypertension )
66
Adrenal Tonic Herbs
Licorice
67
Licorice
Antiulcerogenic ( GI) Demulcent ( GI) Adrenal Tonic
68
Cardiotonic
improves and supports cardiac function Congestive heart failure ``` Herbs: hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) • motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) • astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) • Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)* • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)* ``` Note: cardiac glycosides (found in foxglove & lily of the valley) are toxic relative to the other cardiac tonics.
69
Cardiotonic Herbs
``` .hawthorn • motherwort • astragalus • Korean ginseng • lily of the valley • foxglove ```
70
Hawthorn
Cardiotonic Mild Positive ionotropic Mild negative chronotropic Antiarrhythmic
71
motherwort
cardiotonic | Mild negative chronotropic
72
lily of the valley
Cardiotonic Moderate Positive ionotropic Medium negative chronotropic Antiarrhythmic
73
Foxglove
Cardiotonic Strong Positive ionotropic strongnegative chronotropic Antiarrhythmic
74
Postive ionotropic and MOA
increases cardiac contractility (force) Indicated : conjestive heart failure Herbs: hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) = mild • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) = moderate • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) = strong MOA : increase the amount of calcium ions in the cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells
75
Positive ionotropic herbs
hawthorn = mild • lily of the valley = moderate • foxglove = strong
76
Negative chronotropic
decrease heart rate Indications : tachycardia (fast heart rate) • heart palpitations ``` Herbs: motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild • hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong ```
77
Negative Chronotropic herbs
motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild • hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong
78
Antiarrhythmic
normalizes the heart - improves the ate CHF Heart palpitations Herbs: hawthorn lily of the valley foxglove
79
Circulatory stimulants (syn circulatory tonic)
stimulates peripheral circulation poor circulation ( cold hands and feet) Herbs: cayenne (Capsicum annuum) • ginger (Zingiber officinale) • rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant
80
Circulatory Stimulant Herbs
cayenne (Capsicum annuum) • ginger (Zingiber officinale) • rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant
81
Rosemarry
Circulatory Stimulant
82
Ginger
Antithrombotic | Circulatory Stimulant
83
Cayenne
Circulatory Stimulant
84
Antihyperlipidemic ( Hypolipidemic) Possible MOA
helps improve and support cardiac function indications: high cholesterol atherosclerosis (plaque builds up in the arteries) ``` Herbs: • globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) • guggalipids (Commiphora mukul) • garlic (Allium sativum) • olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea) • psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources ``` Possible Mechanism of Action: • increases bile formation and release (i.e.cholesterol excretion) • decreases cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) • binds to cholesterol & bile to decrease absorption of cholesterol
85
Antihyperlipidemic herbs
``` globe artichoke • guggalipids (Commiphora mukul) • garlic (Allium sativum) • olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea) • psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources ```
86
Globe Artichoke
Antihyperlipidemic
87
guggalipids
Antihyperlipidemic
88
Psyllium
bulk laxative | Antihyperlipidemic
89
Garlic
Antihyperlipidemic | Antithrombotic
90
Olive Oil and Leaf
Antihyperlipidemic | Antihypertensive
91
Antithrombotic
reduces the formation of thrombi Indications : prevents MI, stroke, and pulmonary embolism ``` Herbs: • ginkgo (Gingko biloba) • ginger (Zingiber officinale) • willow (Salix alba) • garlic (Allium sativum) ``` Note: these herbs can cause bleeding & can potentiate blood thinners (e.g. warfarin). Caution: in patients taking blood thinners.
92
Ginkgo
Antithrombotic
93
Willow
Antithrombotic
94
Antithrombotic herbs
ginkgo (Gingko biloba) • ginger (Zingiber officinale) • willow (Salix alba) • garlic (Allium sativum)
95
Antihypertensive and possible MOA
lowers blood pressure ``` Herbs: • olive leaf and oil (Olea europea) • pomegranate (Punica granatum) • celery (Apium graveolus) • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • garlic (Allium sativum) ``` ``` Possible Mechanism of Action: • diuretic • angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors • calcium channel blocker • sympatholytic ```
96
Green Tea
Antihypertensive
97
Celery
Antihypertensive
98
Pomegranate
Antihypertensive
99
Antihypertensive
``` Herbs: • olive leaf and oil (Olea europea) • pomegranate (Punica granatum) • celery (Apium graveolus) • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • garlic (Allium sativum) ```
100
Sympatholytic and MOA
substance that reduces sympathetic tone Indication: hypertension ( high BP) Herbs: rauwolfia MOA: inhibits storage of epinephrine, NE, and dopamine. decreases their overall effect
101
Rauwolfia
Sympatholytic
102
Phytoestrogenic and MOA
modulates estrogen receptors Indications: dysmenorrhea • menopausal hot flashes • benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) Herbs: soy (Glycine max) • flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds Moa: partial agonist of estrogen receptors increases and decreases the effect of endogenous estrogen ( may cause cancer)
103
Uterine Tonic
tonifies and strengthens the uterus Indications: heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) • prolapse uterus • pregnancy (to prevent miscarriage) Herbs: • dong quai (Angelica sinensis) • blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) • black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa; Actea racemosa) Unknown MOA
104
Soy
Phytoestrogenic
105
ground flax
bulk laxitive | phytoestrogenic
106
dong quai
Uterine Tonic | Antispasmotic Herbs
107
Blue cohosh
Uterine Tonic | Emmenagogue
108
Black cohosh
Uterine Tonic Emmenagogue Antispasmotic Herbs
109
Uterine Tonic Herbs
dong quai • blue cohosh • black cohosh
110
Uterine Astringent
prevents of arrests bleeding and has affinity for the uterus Indications: heavy menses (e.g. menorrhagia) • post-partum haemorrhage • uterine prolapse Herbs • bethroot (Trillium erectum) • raspberry (Rubus idaeus)) • shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
111
Uterine Astringent Herbs
* bethroot (Trillium erectum) * raspberry (Rubus idaeus)) * shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
112
bethroot
Uterine Astringent Antihemorrhagic
113
Raspberry
Uterine Astringent | Parturient
114
Shephards purse
Uterine Astringent | Antihemorrhagic
115
Antihemorrhagic
prevents or arrests bleeding Indications : menstrual complaints (e.g. menorrhagia) • post-partum haemorrhage Herbs: bethroot shepards purse Note: not all antihemorrhagic herbs are astringent. Some alkaloids (e.g. indole alkaloids) cause vasoconstriction.
116
Emmenagogue
induces or regulates menstruation Indications: oligomenorrhea ( infrequent) amenorrhea (absent) Herbs: black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) • blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) • parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
117
Parsley
Emmenagogue
118
Emmenagogue Herbs
blue cohosh black cohosh parsley
119
Abortifacient and MOA
terminates pregnancy Herbs pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) • blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) • parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Moa : emmenagogues increase uterine contractions • toxic substances can harm the developing fetus
120
Abortifacient Herbs
pennyroyal • blue cohosh • parsley
121
Pennyroyal
Abortifacient
122
Hormone - regulator
balances and reestablish normal hormone levels ``` Indications: no or light menses (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea) • premenstrual syndrome (PMS) • breast tenderness • menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) ``` Herbs: chaste tree MOA: modulates dopamine receptors (D2) that effects prolactin release • balances the release of FSH( FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow.) & LH ( The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation)
123
Chaste Tree
Hormone Regulator
124
Galactagogue
increase milk production and secretion Herbs: fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) • blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus)
125
Fenugreek
Galactagogue
126
Blessed Thistle
Galactagogue
127
Antispasmodic (spasmolytic)
Action? Indication - menstrual cramps Herbs: crampbark (Viburnum opulus) • dong quai (Angelica sinensis) • black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
128
Antispasmotic Herbs
crampbark • dong quai • black cohosh
129
Crampbark
Antispasmotic Herbs
130
Parturient (partus preparatus)
prepares the uterus for labour or assists with childbirth Herbs: raspberry

Bot Med 1 (4 decks)

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