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Bot Med 1 > Herbal Actions > Flashcards

Herbal Actions Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Antioxidant

A

System :
All systems could be affected

Indications : 
- prevent degenerative diseases
1) cardiovascular disease
2)Alzheimer's disease
Parkinsons disease

Herbs : all

Comment:
- accept or donate free radical
Pro-oxidants : concern exists for taking high doses because it creates free radical O’s
(high dose supplements) could be

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2
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium spp

Antioxidant

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3
Q

Tea

A

Camellia sinensis
Antioxidant

Green Tea: Thermogenic

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4
Q

Pumpkins and Squash

A

Curcubita spp.

Antioxidant

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5
Q

Pomegranate

A

Punica granatum

Antioxidant

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6
Q

Anti-Inflammatory

A
  • decreases inflammation

System :
all

Indication :

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Alzeimer’s disease
  • Cancer
  • conditions that end in ‘itis’

Herbs:
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• Willow (Salix spp.)
• Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata)
• Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

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7
Q

Turmeric

A 
Curcuma longa
Antiinflmmatory
Antirheumatic
Analgesic
Hepatoprotective
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8
Q

Ginger

A 
Zingiber officinale
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Carminative ( + Zingiberaceae family)
Antiemetic
Bitter - pungent
Stomachic
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9
Q

Willow

A 
Salix spp.
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic
Analgesic
Antipyretic
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10
Q

Indian Frankincense

A

Boswellia serrata
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic

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11
Q

Devil’s Claw

A

Harpagophytum procumbens
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic

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12
Q

Eicosanoid Pathway

A

phospoholipids bind to arachidonic acid to form inflammatory substances

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13
Q

Astringent

A

contracts and thickens to decrease permeability and increase resistance to physical stress

Related :
antihemorrhagic
styptic

System :
Skin
Gastrointestinal

Indications:
wound healing : laceration, bruises
- ulcers
-weeping eczema
-inflamed skin (dermatitis )
-varicose veins
-diarrhea

Herbs :
Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Oak (Quercus spp.)

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14
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Hamamelis virginiana
Astringent
Styptic
Antiulcerogenic

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15
Q

Oak

A

Quercus spp.
Astringent
Styptic
Antiulcerogenic

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16
Q

Styptic

A

An astringent compound that stops bleeding when applied topically

Related :

  • antihemorrhagic
  • Astringent

System : Skin

Indications:
lacerations
ulcers

Herbs :
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis viriginana)
Oak (Quercus spp)

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17
Q

Vulnerary

A
  • Speeds up the healing of wounds when applied topically

Related : anti-inflammatory

System :
Skin and Muscoskeletal
- Gastrointestina

Indications :

  • soft tissue injuries (wounds lacerations, burns, bruises, eczema, ulcers)
  • hard tissue injuries (sprains, strains, fractures)

Herb:
Internal or external
- Marigold ( Calendula officinalis)
Greater plantain (Plantago major)

External only :
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Comfrey (Symphytum officinalus)

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18
Q

Marigold

A

Vulnerary
Calendula officinalis
Antiulcerogenic

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19
Q

Greater plantain

A

Plantago major
Vulnerary
Antiulcerogenic

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20
Q

Arnica

A

Arnica montana
Vulnerary
External only
Antiulcerogenic

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21
Q

Comfrey

A

Symphytum officinalis
Vulnerary
External only
Antiulcerogenic

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22
Q

Chamomile

A

Matericaria recutita
Vulnerary
Internal or external

Antioxidant
Carminative
Nervine

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23
Q

Antiulcerogenic

A

(Anti-ulcer)
- prevents and/or faciliates the healing of ulcers

Related :

  • astrigent
  • vulnerary

System :

  • Skin and Musculoskeletal
  • Gastrointestinal

Indications :

  • Ulcers
  • wound healing

Herbs :

Dragon’s blood (Croton lecheri)

(vulnerary and astrigent herbs)

Internal or external 
- Marigold ( Calendula officinalis)
Greater plantain (Plantago major)

External only :
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Comfrey (Symphytum officinalus)

Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Oak (Quercus spp.)
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24
Q

Dragon’s Blood

A

(Croton lecheri)

Antiulcerogenic

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25
Antipruritic
Relieves the itch sensation Related : anodyne System: Skin and Musculoskeletal Indications: - insect bites - eczema - poison ivy - stinging nettle Herbs: - oatmeal (Aveena sativa) - essential oils (which act as counter-irritants)
26
Alterative
Supports the removal of waste products to "clean the blood" and promote normal functioning body. "clear toxins" Related : depurative System : - Skin - Detoxification Indications : - chronic skin conditions (acne, eczema , rashes, psoriasis) Herbs : ``` Burdock root (Arctium lappa) - Yellow dock (Rumex crispus) ``` non-specific function : improving liver and bowel function , antimicrobial and or lymphatic action
27
Ulcer
A wound that is continuously irritated and doesn't have the ability to heal
28
Burdock root
Arctium lappa | Alterative
29
Yellow dock
Rumex crispus | Alterative
30
Lymphatic
promotes proper function and drainage of the lymphatic system Related : Depurative System : - Skin - Musculoskeletal Indications : - viral infections - swollen lymph nodes - chronic skin conditions (eczma, psoriasis, rashes) Herbs: Galium (Galium aparine) Pokeroot (Phytolacca americana) Lymphatics are often alteratives, but not all alteratives are lymphatics.
31
Galium
Galium aparine | Lymphatic
32
Pokeroot
Phytolacca americana v. toxic : can be good in small amounts
33
Emolient
(moisturizer) softens and smooths the skin System : Skin Indications: eczema Herbs : oatmeal (Aveena sativa) olive oil Aqueoous based creams absorb into the skin and are good for mild dry skin Severely dry skin may benefit from salves and doesn't moisturize but creates a protective barrier. (oliveoil)
34
Escharotic
destroys tissues , producing a 'eschar' scap that sloughs off. Related: antimitotic System : Skin Indications : - warts - cancer - skin lesions Herbs: bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) -may apple (podophyllum peltatum)
35
Oatmeal
Aveena satvia Antipuretic Emolient
36
Bloodroot
Sanguinaria canadensis relatively safe Escharotic
37
May apple
Podophyllum peltatum Escharotic
38
Antirheumatic
Relives rheumatism (inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue) Related to : antiinflammatory anagelsic System : musculoskeletal & other Indications: arthritis fibromyalgia myalgia (pain in muscle/group) Herbs: - tumeric (Curcuma longa) - devils claw (Harpagophtyum procumbens) - Frankincence (Boswellia serrata) - Willow (Salix spp.)
39
Analgesic
Alleviates pain without loss of consciousness Related : - anodyne - antipyrectic - anti-inflammatory - anti-rheumatic System : Musculoskeletal and other Indications : pain ``` Herbs : opium poppy (Papaver smoniferum) ``` Willow (Salix spp.) Tumeric (Curcuma longa) Most antiinflammatories possess analgesic effects.
40
Opium Poppy
Papaver somniferum Analgesic Cough suppressant Antitussive
41
Anodyne
Alleivates pain when applied topically topical analgesic Related: antipruitic System : Musculoskeletal and other Indications : arthritis myaligia neuropathy Herbs: Essential oils from plants : ``` Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) ```
42
Peppermint
``` Mentha pipertia Anodyne Counter-iriitant Carminative (& lamiaceae family) Antiemetic ```
43
Wintergreen
(Gaultheria procumbens) Anodyne Counter-irritant
44
Camphor laurel
Cinnamomum camphora Anodyne Counter-irritant
45
TRPM8 Receptors
Cold receptors activated by chemical cooling agents (menthol, camphor) or when ambient temp is below 26C Gate-theory of pain : painful signal can be suppressed when another stronger, non-painful stimuli is produced (ie - cold, A535)
46
Rubefacient
Dialates capillaries causing increased blood flow to the area - makes skin red. Related : counter irritant System : Musculoskeletal and other Indications : myalgia arthritis Herbs : Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
47
Cayenne
``` (Capsicum frutescens) Rubefacient Counter-irritant Analgesic Diaphoretic Thermogenic ```
48
Counter-irritant
type of anodyne (topical analgesic) that causes sensation or irritation to the skin to lessen perception of pain. Related : topical analgesic antipruritic System : Musculoskeletal Skin Indications: Arthritis muscle pain neuropathy insect bites Herbs : Essential oils from plants : ``` peppermint (Mentha piperita) Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) ```
49
TRPV1 Receptors
Noxious Heat REceptors. >43C , acid , pungent herbs * cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) * clove (Syzygium aromaticum) * cinnamon (Cinnamomomum verum) * ginger (Zingiber officinale) Substance P and burning sensation. (a neuropeptide involved in pain transmission from peripheral receptors to CNS Temporarily degenerates the nerve
50
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum | Analgesic
51
Cinnamon
Cinnamomomum verum | Analgesic
52
Gate-theory of pain
painful signal can be suppressed when another stronger, non-painful stimuli is produced (ie - cold, A535) pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptors but by interaction between neurons. Patrick Wall and Ron Melzack 1962
53
Castor Oil
Topical Analgesic Ricinus communis Ricinoleic acid is irritating to tissues and acts as pro and anti-inflammatory. increases the peristalsis of smooth muscles
54
Immunostimulant
stimulates the immune system Related : immunomodulator - balances immune system System : Immune Indications: - preventing infections -treating infections immunosuppresion ( chemo, radiation) Herbs : Huang qi (Astragalus membranaceus) - purple corn flower (Echinacea angustifolium) Some immunostimulant herbs are not recommended during acute bacterial infection and only viral infection
55
Huang qi
Astragalus membranaceus | Immunostimulant
56
Purple corn flower
Echinacea angustifolium | Immunostimulant
57
Antipyretic
Reduces body temperature to alleviate fever 'decrease fire' Related : febrifuge (syn) antiperiodic System : infection Indications : - infections causing fever including : virus (flu , SARS,) , parasites (malaria) , bacteria (rheumatic fever) Herbs : Willow ( Salix spp.) Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium
58
Feverfew
Tanacetum parthenium Antipyretic Insecticide
59
Antimicrobial (what is special about this?)
Antimicrobial means a lot of things it could mean : - Antibacterial Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, anthelmintic, antiamoebic) Antifungal Antiviral
60
Antimicrobial
Destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. ``` Related : Antibacterial Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, anthelmintic, antiamoebic) Antifungal Antiviral ``` System : Any Indications : infections Herbs : Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Myrrh (Commiphora myrrh) Even though they are related to the subclasses, not all antimicrobials are effective against the subclasses
61
Goldenseal
``` Hydrastis canadensis Antimicrobial Antibacterial MDR inhibitor Antiprotozoal ```
62
Myrrh
Commiphora myrrh Antimicrobial Antibacterial Antiprotozoal
63
Pau D'Arco
Tabebuia avellanedae | Antimicrobial
64
Old Man's beard
Usnea barbata | Antimicrobial
65
Antiseptics
Kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms - safe for humans. applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes, also works internally. Related : urinary antiseptic disinfectant - (not safe for humans - bleach, iodine) System : GI urinary skin Indications : bacterial infection essential oils (tea tree, oregano, clove, thyme, eucalyptus etc. ) are considered antiseptic. they disrupt the cell membranes of microorganisms making them more vulnerable. Herbs : Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Bearberry (Asctostaphylos uva-ursi)
66
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris Antiseptic Antifungal Antispasmodic expectorant antitussive antimicrobial antiinflammatory
67
Bearberry
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Antiseptic Diuretic Urinary antiseptic
68
Antibacterial
Kills bacteria Related : antibiotic All Systems Indications : bacterial infection Herbs: Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis) Myrrh (Commiphora myrrh)
69
Antimicrobial - synergy of plants
Berberine : a phytochemical with antimicrobial properties. Herbs : Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis) Barberry ( Berberis vulgaris) Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolium) Actions : antibacterial (more effective vs. gram positive bacterial , antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral MoA : inhibit bacterial proteins from being assimilated into the cell membrane.
70
MDR inhibitor
Block multidrug resistant pumps (MDRs) in microorganism that are normally used to transport toxic sybstances before they reach lethal concentrations RElated : Antimicrobial System : Infection Indications : Antibiotic resistant infection cancer Herbs : Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolum)
71
Oregon grape
Mahonia aquifolium MDR inhibitor Antimicrobial
72
Barbery
Berberis vulgaris MDR inhibitor Antimicrobial
73
Synergy of Berberine and 5'MHC
Berberine diffuses into the microorganism, but because it is being pumped out by various multi-drug resistant pumps (MDR) it can not reach a lethal concentration. 5'-MHC inhibits the MDR therby allowing berberine to accumulate in the microorganism so that it is no longer resistant to the berberine. So 5'- MHC does not directly negatively effect the microorganism, but supports berberines function. Berberine alone requires a very high concentration, but with the presence of 5 MHC it reduced the concentration needs for berberine to be active.
74
Milk thistle
(silybum marianum) | Related to MDR inhibitor
75
Antifungal
kills fungi and yeast System : skin, GI, genitourinary Indications : Candida (thrush, vaginal candidiasis) Tinea ( Athletes foot, jock itch) Herbs: garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils from thyme, tea tree, oregano
76
Garlic
Allium sativum | Antifungal
77
Case : 31 yr old woman with chronic yeast infections and bipolar
Unresponsive Yeast infections, bipolar and heartburn. Treatment : high potency garlic (antifungal) , probiotics, deglycerated licorice. Vaginal suppositories of garlic, probiotics and antimicrobial tincture. When they treated the yeast infections, the bipolar was better too : not completely understood , but the microorganism may have been releasing toxins which influenced the brain
78
Antivirals
Kill viruses Related : anti-adherance immunostimulant System : pot. all Indications : viral hepititis Respiratory tract infections ( Colds , influenza) herpes Herbs : licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) american ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius) Cold Fz Elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis)
79
Licorice
Glycyrrhiza glabra Antiviral Demulcent Expectorant
80
American ginseng
Panax quiquefolius (cold Fx) Antiviral
81
Elderberry
Sambucus canadensus Antiviral Anti-adherance
82
Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata Antiviral
83
Anti-adherence
prevents the attachment of microorganisms to the muscosa of the host, which is required to establish the infection. Related : antibacterial antiviral System : Urinary respiratory GI Indications : UTI ( E. coli) Respiratory tract infection ( Colds, influenza) stomach ulcers ( H. Pylori) Herbs : cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon) elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis)
84
Cranberry
Vaccinium macrocarpon Anti-Adherence Anti-adhereance ( urinary) antiadherent diuretic astringent (urinary) antilithic
85
Antiadherence - Action
Agents : do not directly kill the microorganism but they interfere with the ability to bind to the host Adherence of bacteria to the mucosa is important for the microorganism to affect the mucous membranes ( sore throats, UTI, etc.) They use HA ( Hemmaglutn A to bind) Antiadherence add constituents/proteins to stop the binding and absorption to the mucous membranes. Microorganisms : E. coli, H. pylori, NOT Candida Constituents/Adhesions : plug up the holes so bacteria can't bind to mucous. ex) Condensed tannins : (cranberry, blueberry) Hydrolizable tannins - garlic acid, and ellagic acid (from oak, witch hazel, or sage)
86
Antiparasitic
Destroys protozoa - Helminths (little worms) Ectoparasites ( live on your skin : fleas, lice) Related : antimalarial antiamoebic antileishmaniasis System : infection Indications : Malaria Herbs : lots
87
Anthemintic
destroys or expels helminths ( worms) Related : vermifuge - stuns worms vermicide - kills worms System : infection Indications ; pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms Herbs : wormwood : Artemisia absinthium tansy ( tanacetum vulgare)
88
Wormwood
Artemisia absinthium Anthelmintic Bitter Tonic Bitter - aromatic
89
Tansy
Tanacetum vulgare | Anthelmintic
90
Antiprotozoal
Destroys or expels protozoas Related : antimalarial antiamoebic antileishmaniasis System : infection Indications : malaria, trichomoniasis (vaginitis) etc. Herbs : Black walnut ( Juglans nigra) Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis) Myrrh ( Commiphora myrrh)
91
Black walnut
Juglans nigra | Antiprotozoal
92
Antimalarial
Destroys parasitic protozoan (plasmodium spp.) that causes malaria. Related : antiperiodic - decreases fevers associated with infections. System : infection Indications : malaria ``` Herbs: sweet wormwood ( Artemisia annua) cinchona bark ( Cinchona officinalis) ```
93
Sweet Wormwood
Artemisia annua Antimalarial Anticancer Compound : Artemisinin MoA - free radical generation : oxide group reacts with free heme generating reactive oxygen species Alkyation of proteins and DNA - by the radical formed on the artemisinin molecule
94
Cinchona bark
Cinchona offinalis | Antimalarial
95
Insecticides
Destroys insects Related Actions : antimalarial, antiamoebic , antileishmaniasis System : infection Indications : insects , ectoparasites ( lice, fleas) Herbs : feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium
96
Peroxides
Antimicrobials MoA - unstable nature allows them to produce a hydrozyl radial ( very destructive free radical) Fenton rxn : uses Fe2+ Cause damage in DNA - mutations Amino acid - inactivate proteins and enzymes Detoxification : our body wants to detox this we use catalade and glutathione peroxidase to do it. Antimicrobial - some herbs contain peroxides and it makes them reactive compiunds against microorganisms.
97
Compound : Artemisinin
MoA - free radical generation : oxide group reacts with free heme generating reactive oxygen species Alkyation of proteins and DNA - by the radical formed on the artemisinin molecule turns free heme into hemozoin ( safe and stable)
98
Compound : Quinine
v. toxic used to kill malaria. blocks enzyme heme polymerase from making hemozoin ( safe form) must be combined with other drugs if using.

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