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560P Botanical Medicines Herbs - Gerber > Active Constituents > Flashcards

Active Constituents Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Garlic

A

Alliin & allicin

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2
Q

Ginkgo

A

Flavonoid glycosides: quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin. Terpene lactones: ginkgolides A/B/C & bilobalide

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3
Q

Onion

A

Methyl and propyl compounds of cysteine sulfoxide

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4
Q

Oat Bran

A

Gel-forming dietary fiber

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5
Q

Guar Gum

A

Non-soluble fiber

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6
Q

Red Yeast Rice

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (monacolin K)

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7
Q

Aloe vera

A

barbaloin, emodin, glucomannan & acemannan

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8
Q

Chamomile

A

Volatile oil –chamazulene. Alpha-bisabol & bisaboloxides A/B/C . Flavonoids (apigenin) & mucilages

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9
Q

Comfrey

A

Mucilage content, allantoin

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10
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Tannins (gallotannins, hamamelitannin)

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11
Q

Tea Tree oil

A

1,8-cineole (max ?15%), terpinen-4-ol (min 30%). Also alpha-terpineol and linalool

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12
Q

Evening primrose oil

A

gamma-linoleic acid

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13
Q

Arnica

A

Helenalin, other sesquiterpene lactones, flavones

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14
Q

Bromelain

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Boswellia (Frankincense)

A

Boswellic acids

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16
Q

Capsicum

A

capsaicinoids

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17
Q

Devils Claw

A

harpagoside

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18
Q

Feverfew

A

panthenolide

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19
Q

Willow Bark

A

salicin

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20
Q

Hops

A

Humulone, lupulin, lupulone, methylbutenol. Bitter principles degrade in storage

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21
Q

Kava

A

Kavalactones/kavapyrone (kawaib, dihydrokawain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin. Dried herb should have >3.5% kavapyrones calc. as kawain.

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22
Q

Lavender

A

Linalyl acetate, linalool, campher, beta-ocimene, cineol, tannins

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23
Q

Lemon Balm

A

Citronellal, geranial, neral, phenol carboxylic acids (rosmarinic acid)

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24
Q

Passion Flower

A

Flavonoids, coumarin, umbeliferone

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25
St. John’s Wort
Napthodianthrones (hypericin, pseudo-h, proto-h, protopseudo-h, cyclopseudo-h), hyperforin. Rutin, xanthone, biflavin
26
Valerian
Possibly valerenic acid & acetoxyvalerenic acid, Valepotriates, Baldrinals
27
Wormwood, Aka absinthe
Sesquiterpene lactones (artabsin and absinthin, up to 70% of oil is thujone and isothujone
28
Foxglove
Cardiac glycosides & precursors
29
Hawthorn
Flavonoids (hyperoside), procyanidins (epicatechin), catechins, triterpenoids, aromatic carboxylic acids, purine derivatives
30
Horse Chestnut
Saponins. Triterpene glycosides (aescin). Escin. Std to 16-20% triterpene glycoside (aescin)
31
Caraway
Carvone (50-60% of volatile oil) & limonene
32
German Chamomile
Terpenoid Volatile oil –chamazulene, Alpha-bisabol & bisaboloxides A/B/C , Flavonoids (apigenin) & mucilages (5-10%)
33
Licorice
Glycyrrhizin and flavonoids liquiritin and isoliquiritin
34
Peppermint
>1.2% volatile oil (50-60% menthol,5-10% esters, 5-30% menthone; 6-12% tannins
35
Turmeric
curcumins
36
Buckthorn
Anthraquinone glycosides (glucofrangulin A & B)- less powerful.
37
Castor
Triricinolein, saponified to glycerol & ricinoleic acid.
38
Black Tea
Tannins, possibly theophylline
39
Flax/ Linseed
Mucilages, fatty oil, protein, crude fiber, minerals, cyanogenic glycosides
40
Milk Thistle
2-3% Silymarin (4 isomers incl silybinin)
41
Psyllium
Mucilages, hemicelluloses
42
Brewer’s yeast
organisms
43
Senna
3.5-5% C. senna or 2-3% in C. angustifolia anthranoids Need 3%.(sennosides A & B). Anthranoids.
44
Marshmallow
5-10% mucilage
45
Meadowsweet
Quercetin-4’-glucoside (spiraeoside) tannins, aromatic fractions (trace salicylate)
46
Pelargonium
Umckalin, cumarins, tannins
47
Black Cohosh
Acetin and cimicifugoside (triterpene glycosides) and formononetin (small amounts, has hormonal activity)
48
Chasteberry
Volatile oil, iridoid glycosides agnuside & aucubin bicyclic diterpene derivatives
49
Nettle
Phytosterols, triterpene acids, lignans, polysaccharides, simple phenols
50
Pumpkin seeds
Linoleic acid, plant sterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, minerals. Effective ones unknown. Pumpkin globulin
51
Pygeum
Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, ferulic acid
52
Saw Palmetto
Free-form saturated & unsaturated fatty acids, free & conjugated plant sterols
53
Bearberry
Phenolic heterosides (arbutin, free aglycone hydroquinone, tannins, flavonoids.
54
Asian Ginseng
Ginsenosides (glycosidal saponins, >30. Called Rg1, etc) 0.05% volatile oils
55
Siberian Ginseng
Lignan glycosides (liriodendrin & coumarin types, incl. isofraxidin) little saponins
56
Ashwagandha (aka Indian ginseng)
Maybe alkaloids, carbs, sterols, fatty/essential oils? Not known.
57
Astralagus
Saponins, complex polysaccharides, flavonoids
58
Cat’s Claw
Oxindole alkaloids -2 types: pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (immune stimulant) antagonized by tetracyclic OA (
59
Cordyceps
Polysaccharide & nucleoside fractions
60
Echinacea, which uses root extracts
Echinacein, echinolone, echinoside, polysaccharides
61
Echinacea, which uses juice of aerial parts
Polysaccharides, alkamides, others not precisely known
62
European mistletoe
Lectins, acid polysaccharides
63
Goldenseal
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine 0.5-6% & hydrastine 1.5-4%)
64
Gotu kola
Asiaticoside, madecassoside
65
Grape seed
80-85% procyanidins
66
Rhodiola
Rosavin, rosin, rosarin (not in other species of rhodiola)
67
Ephedra
Ephedrine (an alkaloid)
68
Eucalyptus
Cineol(e) aka eucalyptol
69
Ivy Leaf
Saponins. Aglycone (oleanoic & 28-hydroxyoleanoic acids), hederin-type monodesmosides.
70
Linden
Astringent tannins, mucilage, aromatics

560P Botanical Medicines Herbs - Gerber (7 decks)

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