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COMP 3 > ADAPTATIONS FOR GAS EXCHANGE > Flashcards

ADAPTATIONS FOR GAS EXCHANGE Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Define respiratory surface

A

Site of gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the 4 key factors of gas exchange

A
  • Large surface area to volume ratio
  • Thin membrane for diffusion
  • Steep concentration gradient
  • Permeable for easy diffusion
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3
Q

What are unicellular organisms

A

Single celled organisms

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4
Q

Example of a single celled organism

A

Amoeba

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5
Q

3 features of single celled organisms

A
  • large surface area to volume ratio
  • thin membrane = rapid diffusion
  • short diffusion distance
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6
Q

With the 3 features, what can single celled organisms therefore do

A
  • absorb oxygen across membrane for respiration
  • remove carbon dioxide, prevention build up of high concentrations so cytoplasm is not too acidic for enzymes to function
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7
Q

What 2 features of multicellular animals have

A
  • Smaller surface area to volume ratio
  • diffusion not efficient enough for gas exchange
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8
Q

What are 2 examples of multicellular animals

A

Flatworm
Earthworm

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9
Q

What type or organism is a flatworm

A

Aquatic

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10
Q

2 features of flatworm

A
  • larger surface area to volume ratio
  • diffusion path is short due to body being close to surface
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11
Q

What type of organism is an earthworm

A

Terrestrial (land)

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12
Q

What is the earthworms respiratory surface and what is the feature

A
  • skin
  • moist from mucas
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13
Q

Why does earthworm have a low oxygen requirement

A
  • slow moving
  • low metabolic rate
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14
Q

What is used to maintain the concentration of an earthworm

A

Haemoglobin in blood

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15
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from earthworm

A

Carried in blood - diffuses out skin - down concentration gradient

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16
Q

What type of mechanism is used to maintain steep concentration gradient in multicellular organisms

A

Ventilation mechanism

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17
Q

How do cells, tissues and organs become interdependent

A

Increase size and specialised

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18
Q

What are 2 problems with terrestrial organisms

A
  • water evaporates from body surface causing dehydration
  • water is lost from passing through gas exchange surface as its small
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19
Q

3 features of amphibians

A
  • skin moist and permiable
  • developed capillary network
  • gas exchange through skin and lungs
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20
Q

How is surface area increased from a feature of reptile

A
  • lungs have complex internal structure
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21
Q

What 2 things ventilate lungs or birds

22
Q

Why do birds process large volumes of oxygen

Study These Flashcards
A

For flight and energy

23
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in inside fish

24
Q

3 features of gills

Study These Flashcards
A
  • one way current of water
  • many folds
  • large surface area
25
Why is it important for fish to maintain large surface area
Density of water flowing through prevents gills from collapsing
26
How does blood travel in cartilaginous fish
Parallel flow
27
How does oxygen flow through blood in cartilaginous fish
From more - less concentrated
28
What is the maximum saturation of blood in cartilaginous fish
50%
29
What is the operculum
Flaps covering over gills of bony fish
30
What is the operculum valve
Opens / closes opercular cavity Letting water out
31
What happens when the buccal cavity of fish expands
Increase volume = decrease pressure Water moves into buccal cavity down pressure gradient
32
What happens when opercular cavity expands
Increase volume = decrease pressure Water moves from buccal cavity into opercular cavity across gills down pressure gradient
33
What happens when water wants to move out of bony fish
Buccal cavity and opercular cavity constricts Decrease volume = increase pressure Water pushes valves open and leaves through opercular cavity into atmosphere down pressure gradient
34
What is each gill supported by
Gil arch
35
What are along gill arches
Gill filaments
36
What exchange surfaces are on gill filament
Gill lamellae
37
What do gill lamellae provide
Large surface area
38
What happens to gill lamelle when they’re out of water
Stick together and collapse
39
Define countercurrent flow
Blood in gill capillaries flow I’m opposite direction to water flow
40
What type of pressure breathing do mammals ventilate there lungs by
Negative pressure breathing
41
Define negative pressure breathing
Pressure inside lungs must be below atmospheric pressure
42
How does oxygen diffuse into blood in fish by
Along the whole length of gill lamellae
43
What 3 things does gills provide
- large surface area extended by gill filaments and gill lamellae - specialised respiratory surface rather than using whole body - extensive network of blood capillaries
44
What happens to guard cells if water enters
Turgid and swell - pores open
45
What happens to guard cells when water leaves
Become flaccid and pores close
46
4 features of leaf
- large surface area - large air spaces in spongy mesophyll - thin - stomatal pores
47
Why does leaf have large surface area
Room for many stomata Capture as much light as possible
48
Why are leafs thin
Diffusion path short Light can penetrate
49
Why do leaves have large air spaces in spongy mesophyll
Allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between stomata and cells
50
Why do leafs have stomatal pores
Gas exchange in and out leaf
51
Describe process of mechanism of stomata
1. In light chloroplasts in guard cells photosynthesis producing ATP 2. ATP is used for active transport of potassium ions into guard cells 3. Starch stored converts into malate ions 4. Potassium ions and malate ions lower water potential in guard cells, becomes more negative so osmosis happens 5. Guard cells expand and stretch so stoma pore appears

COMP 3 (7 decks)

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