ADAPTATIONS FOR TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

Question 1

3 features of transport systems

Answer 1

1. Pump
2. Valves
3. Suitable medium to carry materials

Question 2

Define open circulatory

Answer 2

When blood does not move around the body in blood vessels

Pumped into cavity called haemocoel

Question 3

Define closed circulatory system

Answer 3

Blood moves in blood vessels

Question 4

Name 2 types of close circulatory system

Answer 4

1. Single circulation
2. Double circulation

Question 5

Define single circulation

Answer 5

Blood moves through the heart once in its passage around the body

Question 6

Define double circulation

Answer 6

Blood moves through heart twice in its circuit around the body

Question 7

What 2 things can double circulatory system be described as

Answer 7

• pulmonary circulation
• systemic circulation

Question 8

Define pulmonary circulation

Answer 8

When right side of heart pumps blood into lungs
Lungs returns oxygenated blood into left side

Question 9

Define systemic circulation

Answer 9

Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood into body tissues
Body tissues return deoxygenated blood into right side of heart

Question 10

3 types of blood vessels

Answer 10

Vein
Capillary
Artery

Question 11

What 3 layers do veins and capillaries both have

Answer 11

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

Question 12

What do veins contains which artery and capillaries don’t have

Answer 12

Semi lunar valves

Question 13

Describe process of heart

Answer 13

• deoxygenated blood enters vena cava and right atrium
• blood pushes tricuspid valve open and flows into right ventricle
• right ventricle pushes blood into semi lunar valves and out of pulmonary artery
• oxygenated blood flow inside pulmonary vein and into left atrium
• bicuspid valves open and blood flows into semi lunar valves out of the aorta

Question 14

Define systole

Answer 14

Contraction

Question 15

Define diastole

Answer 15

Relaxation

Question 16

Describe atrial systole

Answer 16

Atria walls contract increasing pressure in atrium
This pushes blood through bicuspid and tricuspid valves into ventricles

Question 17

Describe ventricular systole

Answer 17

Ventricle contract and causes high blood pressure in ventricles
Causes blood to be pushed into semi lunar valves and out of heart by pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 18

Describe diastole

Answer 18

Ventricles relax
Volume increases and pressure decreases
Semi lunar valves shut to prevent backflow

Question 19

Why a are the 2 atrioventricular valves

Answer 19

Bicuspid and tricuspid

Question 20

Define myogenic

Answer 20

Controls own contractions by initiating its own electrical impulse

Question 21

What is SAN node and what does it do

Answer 21

Natural pacemaker
Initiates electrical impulses to start atrial systole / contractions

Question 22

What does AVN do

Answer 22

Delays signals which Allows atria to fully contract to complete blood flow into ventricles

Question 23

What does bundle of hiss do

Answer 23

Transmits impulses from AVN to apex which spreads muscle fibres along Side of walls

Question 24

What do purkinje fibres do

Answer 24

Send signals along ventricles and causes ventricles to contract

Question 25

What does p wave show

Answer 25

Atrial systole

Question 26

What does qrs wave show

Answer 26

Ventricular systole

Question 27

What does t wave show

Answer 27

Ventricular diastole

Question 28

Technical name for red blood cells

Answer 28

Erythrocytes

Question 29

Why are RBCs red

Answer 29

Haemoglobin

Question 30

What shape do RBCs have

Answer 30

Biconcave disc

Question 31

Why are biconcave discs good

Answer 31

Large surface area so more oxygen diffuses across membrane Thin centre for short diffusion distance

Question 32

Why do RBCs have no nucleus

Answer 32

More space for haemoglobin

Question 33

3 features of RBC

Answer 33

No nucleus Biconcave disc shape Red pigment

Question 34

How much percentage of water do plasma contain

Answer 34

90

Question 35

What do plasma contain

Answer 35

Solutes such as food molecules waste products and hormones and plasma protein

Question 36

Define affinity

Answer 36

Degree to which 2 molecules are attracted to eachother

Question 37

How many haem group do each haemoglobin molecules have

Answer 37

4

Question 38

What do each haem group contain

Answer 38

Iron ion

Question 39

A high partial pressures what is the saturation like

Answer 39

High

Question 40

High affinity means what type of partial pressures

Answer 40

High partial pressure

Question 41

Why at low partial pressures is there low affinity

Answer 41

Little haem groups bound with oxygen

Question 42

Why at higher partial pressure is there high affinity

Answer 42

More haem groups bound to oxygen so it becomes easier to find to other oxygen (positive cooperativity)

Question 43

What happens at very high partial pressures

Answer 43

Haemoglobin become very saturated and become oxyhaemoglobin

Question 44

What happens to oxygen dissociation curve when Bohr effects takes place

Answer 44

Shifts to right

Question 45

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin during Bohr effect

Answer 45

Releases oxygen more readily at high partial pressure of carbon dioxide areas

Question 46

What happens in ODC when at other tissues/organs

Answer 46

Haemoglobin have lower affinity for oxygen Releases oxygen more readily for aerobic respiration

Question 47

What happens to ODC when at lungs

Answer 47

Haemoglobin have higher affinity or oxygen Releases oxygen less readily

Question 48

What happens to ODC in foetal Hb vs adult Hb

Answer 48

Shifts to left

Question 49

Does foetal Hb or adult Hb have higher affinity

Answer 49

Foetal

Question 50

Why does foetal Hb have high affinity

Answer 50

For growth when in uterus

Question 51

Name 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported

Answer 51

1. Solution in plasma 2. As a hydrogen carbonate ion 3. Bound to Hb as carboamino haemoglobin

Question 52

Describe transport of carbon dioxide in plasma

Answer 52

- carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells - reacts with water to make carbonic acid - catalysed by carbonic anhydrase - carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen and HCO3- ions - HCO3- ions diffuse out of RBC in plasma - chloride ions diffuse in (chloride shift) - hydrogen ions causes oxyhaemoglobin to dissociate into oxygen and haemoglobin - the hydrogen combine with haemoglobin to make haemoglobinic acid which remove hydrogen ions so pH of RBC does not fall - oxygen diffuse out of RBC into tissue

Question 53

3 features of capillaries

Answer 53

- thin permiable membrane - large surface area for exchange materials - blood flow slowly through capillaries

Question 54

Define tissue fluid

Answer 54

Fluid where cells are soaked in to facilitate substance exchange between cells and blood

Question 55

Define osmotic pressure

Answer 55

Tendency of water moving into blood by osmosis

Question 56

Define hydrostatic pressure

Answer 56

Pressure generated by heart contractions