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Frontiers in Biological Science > Adaptions > Flashcards

Adaptions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of tundra

A

polar

alpine

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2
Q

what is the characteristic temperature in tundra biomes in July

A

10 degrees

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3
Q

when can freezing occur in tundra biomes

A

in any months

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4
Q

identify 4 features of tundra soil

A

shallow
nutrient poor
base-rich flushes
unable scree or gravel

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5
Q

what is solifluction

A

freeze-thaw movement and segregation of soil material

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6
Q

what 3 things do plants have adaptions in in tundra biomes

A

temperature control
free injury avoidance
reproductive strategy

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7
Q

what is temperature control

A

ways of elevating tissue temperature

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8
Q

what are the 3 temperature control strategies

A

morphological adaptations
facilitative adaption
heliotropic responses

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9
Q

name 3 things cushion and rosette forms of plants are characteristically

A

low
compact
smooth surfaces

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10
Q

what are morphological adaptions important to

A

energy budgets

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11
Q

what are low rates of connective tissue loss important for in tundra plants

A

tissue warming

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12
Q

describe the boundary layer for smooth surfaces

A

low

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13
Q

what can low connective heat loss lead to

A

rises in leaf temperature

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14
Q

what are facilitative adaptions

A

plant grown associations

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15
Q

what is facilitated by the meristems being insulated.

by adjacent plants

A

growth rates that are much higher than would be expected at ambient air temperatures

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16
Q

what are heliotropic responses

A

sun tracking movements

17
Q

what can heliotropic responses maximise

A

absorption of short wave radiation

18
Q

what 2 effects does heliotropic responses have

A

attracts insects

warms ovaries

19
Q

what can tundra plants accumulate that helps freeze injury avoidance

A

solutes that act as anti-freeze by depressing the freezing point of cell sap

20
Q

other than accumulation of solutes, what other 2 responses can tundra plants have to avoid freeze injury

A

grown in areas that have winter snow cover to provide insulation

have apical meristems below ground to avoid frost

21
Q

what are 2 problems in tundra environment that impact reproduction

A

late snow lie, short growing season

low temperature

22
Q

why does late snow lie and a short growing season impact plant reproduction

A

time to grow, flower and be pollinated in shortened

23
Q

why does low temperate impact plant reproduction

A

low pollinator activity

24
Q

what are the 2 reproductive strategies in tundra plants

A

pollen risk strategy

seed risk strategy

25
Q

what is the pollen risk strategy

A

early flowering plants make pollen, unsure if it will be used

26
Q

what is seed risk strategy

A

late flowering species carry out safe pollination, but the seed may not have time to mature before the next snow

27
Q

describe vegetative reproduction in tundra plants

A

stolons produce platelets which are supported by the parent plant

28
Q

what is still important for genetic diversity in tundra plants

A

sexual reproduction

29
Q

identify 4 characteristics of tundra plant reproductive strategies

A

vegetative reproduction is important
sexual reproduction also still important
self and wind pollination still occur, but insect is still important
genetic diversity is not lower than elsewhere

30
Q

how do insects survive tundra environment

A

reproduce in short summer

withstand winter

31
Q

what species of insect manages to reproduce 2 or 3 generations in a summer

A

endemic svalbard aphid

32
Q

describe the 2 methods insects use to withstand winter

A

freeze avoidance

freeze tolerance

33
Q

what 3 things may insects do to avoid freezing in winter

A

get rid of ice nucleators
synthesise polyps and sugars
synthesise antifreeze proteins

34
Q

where is the hadal zone in oceans

A

deeper than 6500m

35
Q

what species of fish are best adapted to deep oceans

A

snail fish

36
Q

what are the dominant species in the hadal zone

A

anthropods

37
Q

what can be used to describe biodiversity in the deep ocean

A

DNA

38
Q

what can be seen within different individual deep ocean trenches

A

endemic species

39
Q

what 2 things can still be found in deep ocean trenches despite being banned

A

flame retardants

plasticisers

Frontiers in Biological Science (9 decks)

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