Adaptions

Question 1

what are the 2 types of tundra

Answer 1

polar

alpine

Question 2

what is the characteristic temperature in tundra biomes in July

Answer 2

10 degrees

Question 3

when can freezing occur in tundra biomes

Answer 3

in any months

Question 4

identify 4 features of tundra soil

Answer 4

shallow
nutrient poor
base-rich flushes
unable scree or gravel

Question 5

what is solifluction

Answer 5

freeze-thaw movement and segregation of soil material

Question 6

what 3 things do plants have adaptions in in tundra biomes

Answer 6

temperature control
free injury avoidance
reproductive strategy

Question 7

what is temperature control

Answer 7

ways of elevating tissue temperature

Question 8

what are the 3 temperature control strategies

Answer 8

morphological adaptations
facilitative adaption
heliotropic responses

Question 9

name 3 things cushion and rosette forms of plants are characteristically

Answer 9

low
compact
smooth surfaces

Question 10

what are morphological adaptions important to

Answer 10

energy budgets

Question 11

what are low rates of connective tissue loss important for in tundra plants

Answer 11

tissue warming

Question 12

describe the boundary layer for smooth surfaces

Answer 12

low

Question 13

what can low connective heat loss lead to

Answer 13

rises in leaf temperature

Question 14

what are facilitative adaptions

Answer 14

plant grown associations

Question 15

what is facilitated by the meristems being insulated.

by adjacent plants

Answer 15

growth rates that are much higher than would be expected at ambient air temperatures

Question 16

what are heliotropic responses

Answer 16

sun tracking movements

Question 17

what can heliotropic responses maximise

Answer 17

absorption of short wave radiation

Question 18

what 2 effects does heliotropic responses have

Answer 18

attracts insects

warms ovaries

Question 19

what can tundra plants accumulate that helps freeze injury avoidance

Answer 19

solutes that act as anti-freeze by depressing the freezing point of cell sap

Question 20

other than accumulation of solutes, what other 2 responses can tundra plants have to avoid freeze injury

Answer 20

grown in areas that have winter snow cover to provide insulation

have apical meristems below ground to avoid frost

Question 21

what are 2 problems in tundra environment that impact reproduction

Answer 21

late snow lie, short growing season

low temperature

Question 22

why does late snow lie and a short growing season impact plant reproduction

Answer 22

time to grow, flower and be pollinated in shortened

Question 23

why does low temperate impact plant reproduction

Answer 23

low pollinator activity

Question 24

what are the 2 reproductive strategies in tundra plants

Answer 24

pollen risk strategy

seed risk strategy

Question 25

what is the pollen risk strategy

Answer 25

early flowering plants make pollen, unsure if it will be used

Question 26

what is seed risk strategy

Answer 26

late flowering species carry out safe pollination, but the seed may not have time to mature before the next snow

Question 27

describe vegetative reproduction in tundra plants

Answer 27

stolons produce platelets which are supported by the parent plant

Question 28

what is still important for genetic diversity in tundra plants

Answer 28

sexual reproduction

Question 29

identify 4 characteristics of tundra plant reproductive strategies

Answer 29

vegetative reproduction is important sexual reproduction also still important self and wind pollination still occur, but insect is still important genetic diversity is not lower than elsewhere

Question 30

how do insects survive tundra environment

Answer 30

reproduce in short summer | withstand winter

Question 31

what species of insect manages to reproduce 2 or 3 generations in a summer

Answer 31

endemic svalbard aphid

Question 32

describe the 2 methods insects use to withstand winter

Answer 32

freeze avoidance | freeze tolerance

Question 33

what 3 things may insects do to avoid freezing in winter

Answer 33

get rid of ice nucleators synthesise polyps and sugars synthesise antifreeze proteins

Question 34

where is the hadal zone in oceans

Answer 34

deeper than 6500m

Question 35

what species of fish are best adapted to deep oceans

Answer 35

snail fish

Question 36

what are the dominant species in the hadal zone

Answer 36

anthropods

Question 37

what can be used to describe biodiversity in the deep ocean

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

what can be seen within different individual deep ocean trenches

Answer 38

endemic species

Question 39

what 2 things can still be found in deep ocean trenches despite being banned

Answer 39

flame retardants | plasticisers