Adrenal Gland Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Where are the adrenal glands?
A
2
Q
How many adrenal glands are there?
A
3
Q
Which main artery and vein is closest to the adrenal glands?
A
4
Q
Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?
A
5
Q
How many right adrenal arteries are there?
A
6
Q
Which vein leaves the adrenal glands?
A
7
Q
How many renal veins are there?
A
8
Q
What is the path of blood flow through the adrenal glands?
A
8
Q
Which arteries supply the bottom of the adrenal glands?
A
9
Q
What does the left adrenal vein drain into?
A
10
Q
What does the right adrenal vein drain into?
A
11
Q
Draw a diagram of adrenal gland blood flow
A
12
Q
What is the function of the adrenal cortex?
A
12
Q
What are the 2 main sections of the adrenal glands?
A
13
Q
What is the function of the adrenal medulla?
A
14
Q
What are the 3 sections of the adrenal cortex?
A
15
Q
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes corticosteroids?
A
16
Q
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?
A
17
Q
Which hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
A
18
Q
Which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
A
19
Q
What are the 4 layers of the adrenal gland?
A
20
Q
Which cells secrete catecholamines in the adrenal medulla?
A
21
Q
What are the 2 catecholamines?
A
22
Q
What are the 3 types of corticosteroids?
A
23
What is the average ratio of adrenaline vs noradrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla?
24
What is the main mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?
24
What is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?
25
What are the sex steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex?
26
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?
27
Which parts of the adrenal gland secrete cortisol?
28
What is the function of the zona glomerulosa?
29
What is the function of the zona fasciculata?
30
What is the function of the zona reticularis?
31
What are the 5 cellular layers of the adrenal glands?
32
What type of cells make up the capsule?
33
What type of cells make up the zona glomerulosa?
34
What type of cells make up the zona fasciculata?
35
What type of cells make up the zona reticularis?
35
What type of cells make up the medulla?
36
What is the path of blood reaching medulla muscle fibres?
37
Draw a diagram of the adrenal gland layers
38
What is the precursor of adrenal gland hormones?
39
What is a steroid?
40
How many carbons does cholesterol contain?
41
How many carbon rings does cholesterol contain?
42
What do the adrenal gland contain to synthesis steroid hormones from cholesterol?
43
What must cholesterol be converted to synthesis corticosteroids?
44
What are the 2 steps of converting cholesterol to progesterone?
45
How is cholesterol converted to pregnenolone?
46
How is pregnenolone converted to progesterone?
47
What are the 3 steps of converting progesterone to aldosterone?
48
How is progesterone converted to 11 deoxy-corticosterone?
49
How is 11 deoxy-corticosterone converted to corticosterone?
50
How is corticosterone converted to aldosterone?
51
Which 3 enzymes are used to convert progesterone to aldosterone?
52
How is aldosterone synthesised from cholesterol?
53
What are the 3 steps of converting progesterone to cortisol?
54
How is progesterone converted to 17 hydroxyprogesterone?
55
How is 17-hydroxyprogesterone converted to 11 deoxy-cortisol?
56
How is 11 deoxy-cortisol converted to cortisol?
57
Which 3 enzymes are used to convert progesterone to cortisol?
58
How is cortisol synthesised from cholesterol?
59
What are the 5 stages of aldosterone synthesis?
60
What are the 5 stages of cortisol synthesis?
61
What are the 5 stages of androgens synthesis?
62
What is the function of aldosterone?
62
What are the 6 stages of oestrogen synthesis?
63
How does aldosterone regulate blood volume?
64
Where does aldosterone act in the kidney? (2)
65
Where does aldosterone act in the body? (3)
66
Which 3 ion processes does aldosterone stimulate in the kidney?
67
What are the 6 steps of aldosterone action?
68
Which enzyme regulates aldosterone levels?
68
Which hormone regulates sodium levels and how?
69
What is the function of renin?
70
What are the 3 stimulants for renin secretion?
71
When is renin secreted?
72
What are JGA cells?
73
What is the macula densa?
74
Where is renin secreted from?
75
What does renin stimulate the synthesis of?
76
Where is angiotensin II synthesised?
77
What are the 3 steps of angiotensin II synthesis?
78
What is the function of angiotensin II?
79
Which 5 enzymes are activated by angiotensin II?
80
How are aldosterone levels regulated? (4)
81
What are the 4 categories of cortisol functions?
81
What are the 3 functions of aldosterone?
82
What are the 5 metabolic effects of cortisol?
83
What are the 2 renal/cardiovascular effects of cortisol?
84
Which hormone regulates cortisol levels?
85
What are the 4 steps in the pathway of cortisol secretion?
86
Which process is utilised for cortisol regulation?
87
What is MSH?
88
What is HPA?
89
How does ACTH effect the adrenal glands?
90
Draw the HPA axis
91
Which 5 enzymes are activated by ACTH?
92
What is the diurnal rhythm?
93
When are the 4 general parts of the diurnal rhythm?
94
When are cortisol levels lowest?
95
When do cortisol levels peak?
95
What is generally the lowest level of cortisol?
96
What is generally the highest level of cortisol?
97
When do cortisol levels start to increase?
98
When are ACTH levels lower?
99
When are ACTH levels higher?
100
When are cortisol levels lower?
101
When are cortisol levels higher?
102
What is Addison's disease?
103
What does autoimmune damage to the adrenal cortex cause?
104
What is the main physiological complication of Addison's disease?
104
What is the most common cause of Addison's disease?
105
Which hormone level is most affected by Addison's disease?
106
Which 4 organs are affected by Addison's disease?
107
What are the 2 skin symptoms of Addison's disease?
108
What are the 5 GI symptoms of Addison's disease?
109
What are the 3 general symptoms of Addison's disease?
110
What are the 7 symptoms of an adrenal crisis?
110
Why does Addison's disease lower blood pressure?
111
How does Addison's disease affect the pituitary gland?
112
Why does Addison's disease give patients a tan?
112
What is POMC?
113
What are 3 examples of products of POMC?
114
How is POMC involved in tan development?
115
What are the 5 overall main symptoms of Addison's disease?
116
How is an Addisonian crisis treated? (3)
117
Why is dextrose given to treat an Addisonian crisis?
117
Why is saline given to treat an Addisonian crisis?
118
Why is hydrocortisone given to treat an Addisonian crisis?
119
What is Cushing's syndrome?
120
Why can an adrenal tumour lead to Cushing's syndrome?
121
Why can a pituitary tumour lead to Cushing's syndrome?
122
What is the main visible symptom of Cushing's syndrome?
123
Why does blood pressure increase in Cushing's syndrome?
123
What are the 11 symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
124
What are the 4 causes of Cushing's syndrome?
125
What is the appearance of those with Cushing's syndrome described as?
126
Which 4 tumours can lead to Cushing's syndrome?
127
What are the 7 main symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
128
Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?
129
What is tyrosine a precursor for? (2)
130
Where does the adrenal medulla develop from in the fetus?
131
How are catecholamines stored?
131
Which neurones stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete catecholamines?
132
What are the 4 steps of tyrosine conversion to adrenaline?
133
How is tyrosine converted to dopa?
134
How is dopa converted to dopamine?
135
How is dopamine converted to noradrenaline?
136
How is noradrenaline converted to adrenaline?
137
What is the response triggered by catecholamines?
138
What are 5 examples of effects of catecholamines?
138
How do noradrenaline and adrenaline circulate in the blood?
139
Where are catecholamines degraded?
139
Which 2 hepatic enzymes degrade catecholamines?
140
What does adrenal failure lead to?
141
What does excess cortisol lead to?
142
Which 2 hormones regulate cortisol levels?
143
Which axis controls aldosterone secretion?
143
What type of feedback controls cortisol and aldosterone levels?
144
What is the main difference between hormone secretion from the adrenal medulla vs cortex?
