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9. extra endo > Glucose Homeostasis > Flashcards

Glucose Homeostasis Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main function of glucose?

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2
Q

Which organ system is glucose most essential for and why?

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3
Q

Which organ system does hypoglycaemia most effect?

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4
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

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5
Q

What are the 3 consequences of a blood glucose concentration below 2 mmol/L?

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6
Q

When can hypoglycaemia lead to death?

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7
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

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8
Q

What does persistent hyperglycaemia lead to?

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8
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide?

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9
Q

Which organ system does hyperglycaemia most effect?

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10
Q

Which 4 hormones increase blood glucose levels?

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11
Q

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

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12
Q

Which 5 hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

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13
Q

Why is insulin the only way to treat hyperglycaemia?

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the UK?

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15
Q

What is the death risk increase when having diabetes mellitus?

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16
Q

How much of the NHS budget is spent on diabetes mellitus?

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes mellitus?

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17
Q

What is MODY, T1DM and T2DM?

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18
Q

What type of structure is the pancreas?

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19
Q

What is a retroperitoneal structure?

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20
Q

Which cells perform exocrine secretion?

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20
Q

What proportion of the pancreas is exocrine acinar cells?

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21
Q

What are islets of Langerhans?

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21
What are exocrine acinar cells?
22
What proportion of the pancreas is islets of Langerhans?
23
What proportion of the islets of Langerhans are alpha cells?
24
What proportion of the islets of Langerhans are beta cells?
25
What proportion of the islets of Langerhans are delta cells?
26
What is the function of pancreatic alpha cells?
27
What is the function of pancreatic beta cells?
28
What is the function of pancreatic delta cells?
29
What are the 4 cells in the islets of Langerhans?
30
How does paracrine communication occur in the islets of Langerhans?
31
How do gap junctions in the islets of Langerhans allow for paracrine communication?
32
How do tight junctions in the islets of Langerhans allow for paracrine communication?
33
What type of cell-to-cell communication occurs in the islets of Langerhans?
34
What is the function of glucagon?
35
What is the function of insulin?
36
Which pancreatic hormone is essential for foetal development?
37
What is the function of somatostatin?
38
What are the 5 triggers for insulin secretion?
39
How does SNS activity affect beta cells? (2)
40
What are the 7 effects of insulin?
41
How does insulin lower blood glucose? (3)
42
What are the 3 effects of insulin when carbohydrates are eaten?
43
What are the 2 effects of insulin when proteins are eaten?
44
What are the 2 effects of insulin when fats are eaten?
45
Which cells secrete insulin?
46
Which cells secrete glucagon?
47
Which cells secrete somatostatin?
48
What are the 5 triggers for glucagon secretion?
49
What are the 3 effects of glucagon?
50
How does glucagon increase blood glucose? (3)
51
What are the 3 effects of insulin when carbohydrates are eaten?
52
What are the 2 effects of insulin when proteins are eaten?
53
What are the 2 effects of insulin when fats are eaten?
54
What are glucokinases?
55
Which GLUT is not glucose sensitive and why is this important for glucose absorption?
56
Which hexokinase is the main glucose sensor?
57
Which reaction does hexokinase IV catalyse?
58
How does G6P affect K+ and Ca+ receptors?
59
Which ion is essential for insulin secretion?
60
What are the 6 steps of insulin release?
61
What is proinsulin?
62
What are the 2 products of proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin?
63
What is the clinical importance of C-peptide and why?
64
How is proinsulin turned into insulin?
65
What is the incretin effect?
65
Why is C-peptide used in diabetes diagnosis instead of insulin? (2)
66
Which hormone is responsible for the incretin effect?
67
What is GLP-1?
68
What is the function of GLP-1?
69
Where is GLP-1 secreted?
69
When is GLP-1 secreted?
70
Which gene codes for GLP-1?
71
Which cells secrete GLP-1?
72
What is DPPG-4?
73
What is the function of DPPG-4?
74
Which enzyme breaks down GLP-1?
75
Why does GLP-1 have a short half life?
76
Which hormone is used in obesity treatment?
77
What is FPIR?
78
How is FPIR used in diabetes mellitus diagnoses?
79
What is the structure of insulin receptors?
80
What is the effect of insulin binding to insulin receptors?

9. extra endo (12 decks)

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