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9. extra endo > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What is severe hypothyroidism called?

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2
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

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3
Q

What is myxoedema coma?

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4
Q

Can myxoedema coma be fatal?

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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

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6
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

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7
Q

What is the isthmus?

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8
Q

What are the structures in thyroid tissue?

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9
Q

What is the thyroid pyramid?

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10
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

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11
Q

Which important nerve runs close to the thyroid?

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12
Q

Which 2 structures must surgeons be cautious of when performing surgery on the thyroid?

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13
Q

Which endocrine gland develops first in a foetus?

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13
Q

When does the thyroid gland begin to form?

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14
Q

What are the stages of thyroid formation?

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15
Q

Where does the thyroid gland grow from?

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16
Q

When does the thyroid gland finish forming?

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17
Q

How is the foramen caecum important to thyroid gland formation?

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18
Q

How is the thyroglossal duct important to thyroid gland formation?

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19
Q

How is the thyrohyoid membrane important to thyroid gland formation?

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20
Q

How is the hyoid bone important to thyroid gland formation?

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21
Q

How is the thyroid cartilage important to thyroid gland formation?

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22
Q

How is the cricoid cartilage important to thyroid gland formation?

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23
Q

What and where is the foramen caecum?

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24
What are the 5 congenital thyroid abnormalities?
25
What is thyroid agenesis?
26
What is lingular thyroid?
27
What is a thyroglossal cyst?
28
What is a retrosternal goitre?
29
What is colloid?
29
Where are thyroid hormones made?
29
What is a thyroglossal fistula?
30
Where does TSH bind to in the thyroid gland?
31
What is activated by TSH binding to TSH-R? (3)
32
What is iodination?
33
What is TG?
33
How is TG activated?
34
How do iodide ions reach the colloid from the blood?
35
What is the function of TPO?
36
What is TPO?
37
What are the 2 products of iodination reactions in the colloid?
38
How do T3 and T4 reach the blood from the colloid?
39
What are the … steps of T3 and T4 release?
40
What is MIT?
41
What is DIT?
42
What is the structure of DIT?
43
What is the structure of MIT?
44
What are iodothyronines?
45
What is T3 made up of?
46
What is T4 made up of?
47
What is thyroxine the same as?
48
What is the main hormone made by the thyroid gland?
49
How can T4 be turned into T3?
50
Which enzyme converts T4 to T3?
51
Why does T4 deiodination not always produce active T3?
52
What is the half life of T4?
53
What is the half like of T3?
54
What proportion of T3 comes from T4 iodination?
55
Is T4 a hormone or prohormone?
56
How are thyroid hormones usually found in the blood?
57
Which 3 plasma proteins do thyroid hormones bind to?
58
What proportion of T3 and T4 is found unbound in the blood?
59
How do thyroid hormones act on a cell?
60
How do thyroid hormones change cell gene expression?
61
What is the main function of thyroid hormones for foetuses?
62
How do growing foetuses obtain thyroid hormones?
63
Which system relies on thyroid hormones for development in a foetus?
64
What does untreated congenital hypothyroidism lead to?
65
What is cretinism?
66
How is cretinism treated?
67
When is TSH measured in babies?
68
Which 4 systems do thyroid hormones act on?
69
What are the 2 growth functions of thyroid hormones?
70
What is the CNS function of thyroid hormones?
71
What are the 4 thermogenesis functions of thyroid hormones?
72
What are the 5 metabolic functions of thyroid hormones?
73
What are the 3 cardiovascular functions of thyroid hormones?
74
What are catecholamines and their relation to thyroid hormones?
75
How are T3 and T4 levels regulated?
76
Are T3 and T4 regulated by negative feedback?
77
What is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?
78
Why are thyroid disorders more common in women?
79
Is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism more common?
80
What is primary hypothyroidism?
81
What are the 8 symptoms of hypothyroidism?
82
What happens to T4 and TSH levels in hypothyroidism?
83
What are the 2 most common autoimmune thyroid diseases?
84
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
85
What are the 7 symptoms of primary hypothyroidism?
86
What is levothyroxine?
87
Which drug is used to treat hypothyroidism?
88
How does levothyroxine treat hypothyroidism?
89
Why is levothyroxine sometimes prescribed for someone with hyperthyroidism?
90
What is the common dose of levothyroxine?
91
What are the 4 side effects of levothyroxine?
92
What is liothyronine?
93
What is the issue with liothyronine prescribing?
94
Why do T3 drugs need to be taken regularly?
94
What is combined thyroid hormone replacement?
95
Why may there be higher compliance to combined thyroid hormone replacement vs just T3?
96
What are the 3 indicators of combination thyroid hormone replacement toxicity?
97
How can combined thyroid hormone replacement affect TSH levels?
98
What happens to T4 and TSH levels in hyperthyroidism?
99
What is Grave's disease?
99
What are the 3 causes of hyperthyroidism?
100
How does hyperthyroidism occur in Grave's disease?
101
What are the 3 symptoms of Grave's disease?
102
What is exophthalmos?
103
Why does exophthalmos occur in Grave's disease?
104
What is pretibial myxoedema?
105
Why does pretibial myxoedema occur in Grave's disease?
106
What are the 8 symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

9. extra endo (12 decks)

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