Diabetes I Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
How does insulin act to regulate glucose in the body? (2)
A
2
Q
How does insulin act to regulate protein in the body?
A
3
Q
How does insulin act to regulate fat in the body? (2)
A
4
Q
Which 4 conditions can issues in insulin release lead to?
A
5
Q
When does insulin act?
A
6
Q
What are GLUT proteins?
A
7
Q
Where are GLUT-4 proteins mainly found?
A
8
Q
How does insulin act on GLUT-4 proteins? (2)
A
9
Q
What is important about the structure of GLUT-4 proteins?
A
10
Q
How much to GLUT-4 proteins increase glucose intake?
A
11
Q
Which transporter proteins are used in glucose uptake?
A
12
Q
How does insulin act on myocytes when blood glucose is high? (3)
A
13
Q
Which 3 hormones stimulate protein production in mycocytes when blood glucose is high?
A
14
Q
Which hormone stimulates protein hydrolysis in myocytes when blood glucose is low?
A
15
Q
What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is low?
A
16
Q
What happens to amino acids in the liver when blood glucose is high?
A
17
Q
How does insulin act on hepatocytes when blood glucose is high?
A
18
Q
Which 3 hormones regulate HGO and how?
A
19
Q
What is HGO?
A
20
Q
How long does it take for carbohydrate stores to deplete during fasting?
A
21
Q
How long does it take for protein stores to deplete during fasting?
A
22
Q
How long does it take for fat stores to deplete during fasting?
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23
Q
What are LPLs?
A
24
Q
Why is insulin essential for adipocyte uptake of fats?
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25
What do LPLs break triglycerides in the blood down to? (2)
26
How are high blood triglyceride levels treated clinically?
27
What are NEFAs?
28
How does insulin act on adipocytes? (3)
29
Which 3 hormones regulate adipocyte triglyceride levels?
30
What happens in adipocytes when blood glucose is low?
31
What is the hepatic portal circulation?
32
Why is the hepatic portal circulation important?
33
What is the action time of insulin in a non-diabetic?
34
What is the action time of exogenous insulin uptake in a Type 1 diabetic?
35
What is the difference in insulin action time for a non-diabetic vs type 1 diabetic and why?
36
What happens to glycerol in hepatocytes when energy is not required immediately? (2)
37
What happens in hepatocytes when energy is required immediately? (2)
38
What is the HGO after a 10 hour fast?
39
Which fuel sources do the brain use?
40
Why are cerebral energy requirements different to other tissues?
41
What happens to NEFAs in hepatocytes when energy is not required immediately? (3)
42
What happens to NEFAs in hepatocytes when energy is required immediately? (4)
43
How do ketone levels correlate to insulin release in a non-diabetic?
44
When do high ketone levels indicate diabetes and why?
45
What happens in hepatocytes when blood glucose is high?
46
What happens in hepatocytes when blood glucose is low?
47
What is hepatic glycogenolysis?
48
What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is high?
49
What happens in myocytes when blood glucose is low?
50
What happens in myocytes when energy is required?
51
What happens in myocytes when energy is not required?
52
What happens to the insulin:glucagon in the fasted state?
52
What happens to blood glucose levels in the fasted state?
53
What happens to NEFA levels in the fasted state?
54
What happens to amino acid levels in the fasted state?
55
Which 4 processes speed up in the fasted state?
55
What is the fuel source of muscle in the fasted state?
55
What are the 4 effects of fasting on blood?
56
What is the fuel source of the brain in the fasted state?
57
How does insulin act in the fasted state? (3)
58
What happens to the insulin:glucagon in the fed state?
59
Which 4 processes are affected in the fed state?
60
What is the 1st and 2nd phase of insulin release?
61
How does insulin act in the fed state? (3)
62
What are the 4 tests for diabetes mellitus?
63
What is the oral glucose tolerance test?
64
How is diabetes diagnosed?
65
What is important to consider when using HbA1c levels to diagnose diabetes?
66
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
66
What is type 1 diabetes?
67
What is osmotic diuresis?
68
Why does osmotic diuresis occur in type 1 diabetes?
69
What are the 4 effects of diabetic ketoacidosis?
70
What happens if type 1 diabetes is left untreated?
71
What are the 4 symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
72
What is T1DM?
73
What is glycosuria?
74
What is polyuria?
75
What is noturia?
76
What are 3 diagnostic tests to distinguish T1DM from T2DM?
76
What is polydipsia?
77
What is insulin induced hypoglycaemia?
78
What are the 2 effects of insulin induced hypoglycaemia?
79
How is insulin induced hypoglycaemia prevented in type 1 diabetics?
80
What are the 4 couterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia and why?
81
Which 4 hormones make up the counterregulatory system?
82
What does recurrent hypoglycaemia lead to and why is this dangerous?
83
What is impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia?
84
What are the 4 autonomic symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
84
What are the 5 neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
85
What is severe hypoglycaemia?
86
Why does alcohol effect T1DM glucose levels?
86
What is type 2 diabetes?
87
Which 2 types of metabolism are affected by T2DM?
88
Why are the presentations of T2DM not as extreme as T1DM?
89
Which 2 pathways are stimulated when insulin binds to insulin receptors?
90
Issues in which pathway leads to insulin resistance in T2DM?
91
What happens in early stages of T2DM?
92
What is the function of the PI3K-Akt pathway?
93
What is the function of the MAPK pathway?
94
Why can T2DM lead to hypertension?
94
Why can T2DM lead to increased proliferation of tissues?
95
What are the 8 effects of T2DM?
96
What is hypertension?
97
What is the fasting glucose of a type 2 diabetic?
98
What are the 7 differences between the symptoms of T1DM and T2DM?
99
What are the 6 risk factors of T2DM?
100
What are the 7 main complications of T2DM?
101
What may happen in late stage T2DM?
102
What is the biggest cause of renal dialysis?
103
What are the 3 eye complications of T2DM?
104
What is diabetic retinopathy?
105
What is diabetic nephropathy?
106
How is T2DM managed? (4)
107
What are the 6 dietary recommendations of T2DM?
108
How is T1DM managed? (4)
109
What is the basal-bolus regime?
110
How can insulin be administered exogenously? (2)
111
What are the 4 long-term diabetes-related complications that are monitored for?
