ADRENAL GLAND

Question 1

What is the main mineralocorticoid hormone that is reduced in Addison ds. ?

Answer 1

Aldosterone

Question 2

What triggers the release of the glucocorticoids ?

Answer 2

ACTH

Question 3

Diagnosis of pheochromocytomas is often made based on signs and _____.

Answer 3

ultrasonography

Question 4

What is the most common cause of increased cortisol levels in dogs ?

Answer 4

Tumor in the pituitary gland - 85% to 90% cases

Question 5

Identify the stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) with the given data:

• When stress is not soon relieved, the body adapts to the stress. Example, starvation, the body maximizes the absorption of nutrients from food

Answer 5

Stage 2: Resistance

Question 6

These are tumors of the adrenal medulla that are able to secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine/both.

Answer 6

Pheochromocytomas

Question 7

The route which the brain directs the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to activate in response to short-term stress.

Answer 7

Sympathomedullary pathway (SAM pathway)

Question 8

These are the hormones produced by zona fasciculata.

Answer 8

Glucocorticoids

Question 9

What are the 3 major functions of Angiotensin II?

Answer 9

• Initiates vasoconstriction of the arterioles, decreasing blood flow
• Stimulating the kidney tubules to reabsorb NaCL and water, increasing blood volume
• Signaling the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, the effects of which further contribute to fluid retention, restoring blood pressure, and blood volume.

Question 10

What is the overall effect of glucocorticoids ?

Answer 10

• To inhibit tissue building while stimulating the breakdown of stored nutrients to maintain adequate fuel supplies

Question 11

Adrenal hormones are released into the circulation via ?

Answer 11

The left and right suprarenal veins

Question 12

This hormone produced by zona glomerulosa is a key component of RAAS and is important in the regulation of the concentration of sodium and potassium ion in urine, sweat, and saliva.

Answer 12

Aldosterone

Question 13

This zone of adrenal gland is the intermediate region of the adrenal cortex, named because the cells form small fascicles (bundles) separated by tiny blood vessels.

Answer 13

Zona fasciculata

Question 14

What are the signs of pheochromocytomas ?

Answer 14

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increases heart rate
• Restlessness
• Distended abdomen

Question 15

Other tumors in the adrenal glands, such as ____ and ____ can develop from nerve cells.

Answer 15

neuroblastomas; ganglioneuromas

Question 16

What is the other name of Hyperadrenocorticism ?

Answer 16

Cushing ds.

Question 17

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone _____.

Answer 17

cortisol

Question 18

Identify the stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) with the given data:

• When the stress continues for a longer term, the body response with symptoms quite different than the fight or flight response (depression, suppression of their immune response, severe fatigue, or even fatal heart attack)

Answer 18

Stage 3: Exhaustion

Question 19

This zone of adrenal gland produces a group of hormones collectively referred to as mineralocorticoids.

Answer 19

Zona glomerulosa

Question 20

Long term use of corticosteroid drugs can also cause signs of addison ds. True or False?

Answer 20

False, cushing ds.

Question 21

Adrenal medula is a neuroendocrine tissue composed of preganglionic SNS neurons. True or False?

Answer 21

False, postganglionic

Question 22

Identify the disorders involving the adrenal glands with the given data:

• The signs results primarily from chronic excess of the hormone cortisol
• Increased cortisol levels in dogs may result from one of several mechanisms

Answer 22

Hyperadrenocorticism (cushing ds.)

Question 23

What are the signs of Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison Ds.) ?

Answer 23

• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Dehydration
• Gradual loss of body condition
• Vomiting and diarrhea

Question 24

This zone of adrenal cortex is comprised of cylindrical masses of epithelial cells that are arranged in an irregular, netlike fashion.

Answer 24

Zona reticularis

Question 25

A glucocorticoid produced in much smaller amounts is ____.

Answer 25

corticosterone

Question 26

This zone of adrenal gland contains cells arranged in clusters separated by trabeculae that are continuous with the capsule, producing aldosterone that is important for sodium and water reabsorption.

Answer 26

Zona glomerulosa

Question 27

Adrenal cortex is a component of the ?

Answer 27

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Question 28

Cortisol promotes the catabolism of ?

Answer 28

* Glycogen to glucose * Stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol * Muscle proteins into amino acids

Question 29

K levels in the blood may also be affected in Addison DS. True or False?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Adrenal gland experience one of the highest rates of blood flow in the body. True or False?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Identify the stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) with the given data: * Short-term stress, the fight-or-flight response, mediated by the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla via the SAM pathway

Answer 31

Stage 1: Alarm reaction

Question 32

What is the least common cause of increased cortisol levels in dogs ?

Answer 32

Tumor in the adrenal gland - 10% - 15%

Question 33

What is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex ?

Answer 33

Zona reticularis

Question 34

The HPA axis involves the stimulation of hormone release of _____ from the pituitary by the hypothalamus.

Answer 34

ACTH

Question 35

This zone of adrenal gland produces small amounts of a class of steroid sex hormones called **androgens**.

Answer 35

Zona reticularies