Adrenal Physiology

Question 1

Adrenocortical hormones are synthesized from __ by __

Answer 1

cholesterol; cytP450

Question 2

Aldosterone synthase takes ___ and turns it into __, found only in ___ cells

Answer 2

glucocorticoids; aldosterone; glomerulosa

Question 3

Blood supply of adrenal gland

Answer 3

capsular artery

Question 4

Two main stimuli for aldosterone

Answer 4

Angiotensin II, K

Question 5

Two stimuli for cortisol

Answer 5

ACTH is main, arginine vasopressin (weak)

Question 6

Salt water balance regulation- __ cells measure volume and __ measures salt

Answer 6

granular; distal tubule

Question 7

Aldosterone exchanges __ (excretes) for __ (keeps) and __ blood volume

Answer 7

K; Na; increases

Question 8

Low sodium stimulates __ release

Answer 8

Renin

Question 9

ACTH specific receptor and function

Answer 9

MC2R, increases LDL receptors to increase steroidogenesis

Question 10

ACTH can also activate the __ receptor

Answer 10

Melatonin

Question 11

11 beta HSD2 is present in __ rich tissue and does what

11HSD1 does what

Answer 11

MCR; inactivates cortisol to cortisone; cortisone to cortisol

Question 12

MCR has a higher affinity for ___ than _

Answer 12

cortisol; mineralocorticoids

Question 13

Black licorice can lead to ___ and __ because it prevents ___

Answer 13

hypokalemia; hypertension; cortisol conversion to cortisone

Question 14

Main function of androgens from adrenal gland

Answer 14

stimulate pubarche

Question 15

Medulla receives input from ___ NS; it acts like a ___ and releases catecholamines where

Answer 15

sympathetic; nerve ganglion; directly into the blood stream

Question 16

Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis, what enzyme

Answer 16

Tyrosine to dopa; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 17

PMNT does what and is upregulated by what

Answer 17

converts norepi into epi; cortisol

Question 18

Most alpha adrenergic receptors are located on ___ or the ___

Answer 18

blood vessels

Question 19

Beta adrenergic receptors are found where

Answer 19

heart; lung; smooth and skeletal muscle

Question 20

Catecholamines are converted to ___ by MAO and COMT

Answer 20

metanephrines

Question 21

First step of steroid synthesis

Answer 21

cleavage of cholesterol side chain to pregnenolone by CYP11A1