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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Adrenocortical Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenocortical Hormones Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

Steroid Hormone

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2
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal Gland (Zona Fasciculata)

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3
Q

Cortisol is an example of a …

A

… glucocorticoid/corticosteroid

Glucose Metabolism

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4
Q

Cortisol production is dependent on …

A

… adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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5
Q

What are the steps of cortisol production?

A

Synthesis of cholesterol
Mitochondrial Conversion
Smooth ER

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6
Q

Which receptors does cortisol bind to?

A

Glucocorticoid Receptors (GRs)

Most cells have a GR

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7
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

90% bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
3% free in the plasma

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8
Q

Another name for cortisol bound to CBG is …

A

… transcortin

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9
Q

Which cortisol can enter the cell?

A

Free cortisol

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10
Q

In which condition does total cortisol and CBG increase?

A

During pregnancy

Note free cortisol does not increase. The patient shouldn’t show signs of high cortisol

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11
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Glucose and overall metabolism
Immune system
Cognition
Bone formation
Fetal Development

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12
Q

What are the metabolic effects of cortisol?

A

Increases energy-generating substances

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13
Q

What are some energy-generating substances which cortisol can generate?

A

Glucose
Glycerol
Amino-acids

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14
Q

How does cortisol increase serum glucose?

A

Increases Gluconeogenesis
Decreases Glycogen Formation
Reduces Glucose Uptake
Decreases Insulin Secretion
Increases Glucagon Secretion

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15
Q

How is glycerol generated?

A

Increased lipolysis

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16
Q

How are amino acids generated?

A

Increased proteolysis

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17
Q

In addition to increasing glycerol, glucose and amino acids in blood, cortisol also decreases …

A

… protein synthesis and peripheral amino acid uptake

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18
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome?

A

High cortisol level

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19
Q

What are the effects of Cushing Syndrome?

A

Person develops insulin-resistant diabetes

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20
Q

Cortisol can upregulate the number of ____ receptors on arterioles

A

____ vasoconstricting α1 ____

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21
Q

How can vasopressin increase blood pressure?

A

Cortisol activates mineralocorticoid receptors
Increases sodium reabsorption and blood volume

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22
Q

Does MR have a higher affinity for cortisol or aldosterone?

A

Same affinity

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23
Q

How is cortisol mineralocorticoid signaling regulated?

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A

MR is protected from cortisol by 11β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2

Since cortisol levels are 100 times higher than aldosterone, it is important that this enzyme functions to ensure that cortisol reactions are not uncontrolled

24
Q

What effect does 11β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 have on cortisol?

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A

Metabolizes it to inactive form

25
What effect does cortisol have on immunity and wound healing?
Cortisol decreases inflammation, immunity and wound healing
26
Why does cortisol reduce inflammation and immunity?
Acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule
27
Which chronic inflammatory conditions can cortisol be used in?
Skin rashes Inflammatory kidney diseases
28
What are some additional cortisol functions?
Decreasing bone formation Modulation of fetal lung development Stimulates cognition and memory Decreases osteoblast activity
29
How does cortisol modulate fetal lung development?
Production of surfactant
30
Why is cortisol given to mothers giving birth prematurely?
Steroid cross the placenta and hasten fetal lung development
31
How does cortisol stimulate cognition and memory?
Terminal maturation Axon remodeling
32
Patients taking glucocorticoid drugs are at risk of ...
... osteoporosis
33
Which regions of the brain does cortisol impact?
Hippocampus Amygdala Frontal Lobes
34
What effect does cortisol have on formation of memories?
Reinforces strong memories (good and bad)
35
What effect does cortisol have on cognition?
Development of alertness and cognition
36
What effect does cortisol have on fibroblast activity?
Decreases
37
Definition of stress
Any noxious stimulus increase ACTH
38
Describe the pathway of cortisol secretion
Stress → Paraventricular Nucleus → Limbic System → Hypothalamus (CRH) → ACTH (anterior pituitary) → Cortisol
39
Functions of mineralcorticoids/aldosterone
Critical for maintaining blood pressure
40
How can aldosterone increase blood volume?
Increases sodium reabsorption Excretes excess potassium
41
Where is aldosterone produced?
Zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) of adrenal gland
42
What is the rate limiting enzyme in aldosterone synthesis?
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)
43
Aldosterone transport
50% bound to serum albumin 30% circulates freely in blood 17% binds to CBG (also called transcortin) ## Footnote Transcortin binds to cortisol and progesterone
44
Pathway of aldosterone affecting cells
45
How can MR and aldosterone affect transcription?
MR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor (TF) Aldosterone bound to receptor acts as TF
46
What chemical can inhibit corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2?
Chemicals found in genuine licorice
47
What can inhibition of corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase isozyme cause?
Pseudohyperaldosteronism ## Footnote The name is because mineralocorticoid effects are not caused by aldosterone, but instead by circulating cortisol that can now bind and activate the MR
48
What are the effects that aldosterone has on the kidneys?
Sodium reabsorption Potassium excretion Secretes H+ into tubular fluid
49
How does aldosterone increase sodium reabsorption?
Increases sodium channels on the lumen side of the cell Na+/K+ ATPase pump on basolateral to move sodium into interstitial blood
50
How does aldosterone increase potassium excretion?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump on basolateral to move potassium into principal cells Increases potassium channels on lumen side
51
How does aldosterone enable secretion of H+ into tubular fluid?
Stimulate H+-ATPase on the ɑ-intercalated cells in the collecting duct
52
How can hypertension be caused by primary hyperaldesteronism?
Adrenal glands continuously secrete aldosterone Causes increased sodium and water reabsorption and hypokalemia
53
What are the aldosterone regulators?
Angiotensin II Increased serum potassium Adrenocorticotopic Hormone
54
How can angiotensin II affect aldosterone?
Increases aldosterone secretion through RAAS pathway during low BP
55
How does ACTH affect aldosterone secretion?
Affects formation of aldosterone precursors

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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