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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Pancreatic Hormones > Flashcards

Pancreatic Hormones Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two divisions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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2
Q

Function of the exocrine pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes which aid absorption in the small intestine

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3
Q

Function of the endocrine pancreas

A

Secretes Insulin and Glucagon which metabolize nutrients after absorption

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4
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Clusters of pancreatic cells

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5
Q

What are the cells of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

α cells
β cells
δ cells

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6
Q

α cells
Function

A

Glucagon synthesis

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7
Q

α cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Periphery of the Islets

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8
Q

α cells
Function of glucagon

A

Causes liver and muscles to convert stored glycogen to glucose

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9
Q

β cells
Function

A

Produces insulin

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10
Q

β cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Center of Islets

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11
Q

β cells
Function of insulin

A

Uptake and storage of glucose in liver, muscles and adipose tissue

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12
Q

β cells
Autoimmune destruction of β cells causes …

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

δ cells
Function

A

Produces Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

Small polypeptide hormone

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14
Q

δ cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Scattered throughout the islets

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15
Q

δ cells
Function of GHIH

A

Inhibits GH and Prolactin
Regulates GI functioning
Inhibits Insulin and Glucagon secretion

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16
Q

Process of insulin synthesis

A

Precursor molecule Preproinsulin cleaved into Proinsulin
Proinsulin is packaged inside β cell granules
Enzymes cleave proinsulin into insulin and C-peptide residue
Upon stimulation, Insulin and C-peptide are secreted into the blood in equimolar amounts

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17
Q

What is the significance of C-peptide measurement?

A

Tested in hypoglycemic patients to determine cause
High Endogenous Insulin = High C-Peptide Level
High Exogenous Insulin = Low C-Peptide Level

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18
Q

What are the hormones which can be produced from proglucagon?

A

Glucagon
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)

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19
Q

Where is proglucagon cleaved into GLP-1?

A

Intestinal Cells

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20
Q

What type of molecule is GLP-1?

A

Incretins

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21
Q

Function of GLP-1

A

Lower serum glucose levels

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22
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose level

A

60-100 mg/dL

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23
Q

What is the effect of hypoglycemia?

A

Confusion
Loss of conciousness

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24
Q

What is the effect of hyperglycemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Tissue damage

25
What is the primary short-term storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
26
What happens when the liver is saturated with glycogen?
Stored as triglycerides
27
**Triglyceride Formation** How are fatty acids formed?
Hepatocytes take up excess glucose and convert it to fatty acids ## Footnote Free fatty acids are absorbed by adipocytes
28
**Triglyceride Formation** How is glycerol formed?
Insulin stimulates adipocytes to absorb glucose and form glycerol
29
**Triglyceride Formation** How are triglycerides formed?
Glycerol and Fatty acids are combined in adipocytes
30
Insulin and Glucagon travel ____ in the blood since they are ____
__unbounded__ __water-soluble peptide hormones__
31
What are the three primary actions which insulin and glucagon cause?
Insulin stimulates Glucose Uptake Glucagon stimulates Glycogenolysis Glucagon stimulates Gluconeogenesis
32
What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?
Tyrosine Kinase
33
What is the function of GLUT transporters?
Allow glucose uptake
34
**GLUT Transports** Activation Process
35
**GLUT Transporters** Types
GLUT1 GLUT2 GLUT3 GLUT4 GLUT5
36
**GLUT Transporters** GLUT1 Locations
Found in most cells Prevalent in brain and RBCs
37
**GLUT Transporters** GLUT2 Locations
β Islets Cells Liver Cells
38
**GLUT Transporters** GLUT3 Locations
Brain Placenta
39
**GLUT Transporters** GLUT4 Locations
Adipose Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cells
40
**GLUT Transporters** GLUT5 Locations
Fructose transporter in Small Intestine, Muscles and Testes
41
Where does glycogenolysis occur?
In the liver where glucagon receptors are dense
42
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Mostly Liver Some in Kidney
43
Gluconeogensis causes conversion of ____ into glucose
amino acids
44
A glucagonoma is a tumor of the ...
Pancreatic α cells
45
Effects of glucagonoma
Hyperglycemia Weight Loss Diarrhea Migratory Necrolytic Erythema (Red, blistering rash)
46
Where is regulation of insulin and glucagon controlled from?
Intrinsically at α and β islet cells Extrinsically by ANS and GI hormones
47
Describe the insulin response to hyperglycemia
β cells are rapidly activated leading to insulin secretion Insulin drops within 5 mins Insulin increases again after 15 mins Second stage causes insulin peak and plateau at 3 hours
48
Insulin Secretion Pathway
49
Glucagon Secretion Pathway
50
The central sensor for regulation in the ANS is ...
the hypothalamus
51
How does the hypothalamus cause secretion of hormones?
Signals to endocrine pancreas to secrete Insulin or Glucagon ## Footnote E.g. hypothalamus sends parasympathetic stimulus to islet cells to increase insulin secretion
52
Parasympathetic activity of hypothalamus causes ...
increased insulin secretion ## Footnote Occurs in rest-and-digest responses
53
Sympathetic activity of hypothalamus causes ...
decreased insulin and increased glucagon secretion ## Footnote Occurs in fight-or-flight responses
54
**GI Regulation** Before eating there is ...
anticipatory release of insulin
55
**GI Regulation** What are the GI Hormones involved in digestion?
Cholecystokinin Gastrin GLP-1 Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)
56
**GI Reulation** What are the effects of incretins?
Stimulate β cells Inhibit α cells
57
**GI Regulation** Which hormones are Incretins?
GLP-1 GIP
58
Which drugs can be used to treat hyperglycemia of T2DM?
Exenatide Liraglutide

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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