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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Pancreatic Hormones > Flashcards

Pancreatic Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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2
Q

Function of the exocrine pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes which aid absorption in the small intestine

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3
Q

Function of the endocrine pancreas

A

Secretes Insulin and Glucagon which metabolize nutrients after absorption

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4
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Clusters of pancreatic cells

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5
Q

What are the cells of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

α cells
β cells
δ cells

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6
Q

α cells
Function

A

Glucagon synthesis

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7
Q

α cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Periphery of the Islets

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8
Q

α cells
Function of glucagon

A

Causes liver and muscles to convert stored glycogen to glucose

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9
Q

β cells
Function

A

Produces insulin

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10
Q

β cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Center of Islets

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11
Q

β cells
Function of insulin

A

Uptake and storage of glucose in liver, muscles and adipose tissue

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12
Q

β cells
Autoimmune destruction of β cells causes …

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

δ cells
Function

A

Produces Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

Small polypeptide hormone

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14
Q

δ cells
Location in Islets of Langerhans

A

Scattered throughout the islets

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15
Q

δ cells
Function of GHIH

A

Inhibits GH and Prolactin
Regulates GI functioning
Inhibits Insulin and Glucagon secretion

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16
Q

Process of insulin synthesis

A

Precursor molecule Preproinsulin cleaved into Proinsulin
Proinsulin is packaged inside β cell granules
Enzymes cleave proinsulin into insulin and C-peptide residue
Upon stimulation, Insulin and C-peptide are secreted into the blood in equimolar amounts

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17
Q

What is the significance of C-peptide measurement?

A

Tested in hypoglycemic patients to determine cause
High Endogenous Insulin = High C-Peptide Level
High Exogenous Insulin = Low C-Peptide Level

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18
Q

What are the hormones which can be produced from proglucagon?

A

Glucagon
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)

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19
Q

Where is proglucagon cleaved into GLP-1?

A

Intestinal Cells

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20
Q

What type of molecule is GLP-1?

A

Incretins

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21
Q

Function of GLP-1

A

Lower serum glucose levels

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22
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose level

A

60-100 mg/dL

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23
Q

What is the effect of hypoglycemia?

A

Confusion
Loss of conciousness

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24
Q

What is the effect of hyperglycemia?

A

Tissue damage

25
Q

What is the primary short-term storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

26
Q

What happens when the liver is saturated with glycogen?

A

Stored as triglycerides

27
Q

Triglyceride Formation
How are fatty acids formed?

A

Hepatocytes take up excess glucose and convert it to fatty acids

Free fatty acids are absorbed by adipocytes

28
Q

Triglyceride Formation
How is glycerol formed?

A

Insulin stimulates adipocytes to absorb glucose and form glycerol

29
Q

Triglyceride Formation
How are triglycerides formed?

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids are combined in adipocytes

30
Q

Insulin and Glucagon travel ____ in the blood since they are ____

A

__unbounded__
__water-soluble peptide hormones__

31
Q

What are the three primary actions which insulin and glucagon cause?

A

Insulin stimulates Glucose Uptake
Glucagon stimulates Glycogenolysis
Glucagon stimulates Gluconeogenesis

32
Q

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine Kinase

33
Q

What is the function of GLUT transporters?

A

Allow glucose uptake

34
Q

GLUT Transports
Activation Process

A
35
Q

GLUT Transporters
Types

A

GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5

36
Q

GLUT Transporters
GLUT1 Locations

A

Found in most cells
Prevalent in brain and RBCs

37
Q

GLUT Transporters
GLUT2 Locations

A

β Islets Cells
Liver Cells

38
Q

GLUT Transporters
GLUT3 Locations

A

Brain
Placenta

39
Q

GLUT Transporters
GLUT4 Locations

A

Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Cells

40
Q

GLUT Transporters
GLUT5 Locations

A

Fructose transporter in Small Intestine, Muscles and Testes

41
Q

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

A

In the liver where glucagon receptors are dense

42
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Mostly Liver
Some in Kidney

43
Q

Gluconeogensis causes conversion of ____ into glucose

A

amino acids

44
Q

A glucagonoma is a tumor of the …

A

Pancreatic α cells

45
Q

Effects of glucagonoma

A

Hyperglycemia
Weight Loss
Diarrhea
Migratory Necrolytic Erythema (Red, blistering rash)

46
Q

Where is regulation of insulin and glucagon controlled from?

A

Intrinsically at α and β islet cells
Extrinsically by ANS and GI hormones

47
Q

Describe the insulin response to hyperglycemia

A

β cells are rapidly activated leading to insulin secretion
Insulin drops within 5 mins
Insulin increases again after 15 mins
Second stage causes insulin peak and plateau at 3 hours

48
Q

Insulin Secretion Pathway

A
49
Q

Glucagon Secretion Pathway

A
50
Q

The central sensor for regulation in the ANS is …

A

the hypothalamus

51
Q

How does the hypothalamus cause secretion of hormones?

A

Signals to endocrine pancreas to secrete Insulin or Glucagon

E.g. hypothalamus sends parasympathetic stimulus to islet cells to increase insulin secretion

52
Q

Parasympathetic activity of hypothalamus causes …

A

increased insulin secretion

Occurs in rest-and-digest responses

53
Q

Sympathetic activity of hypothalamus causes …

A

decreased insulin and increased glucagon secretion

Occurs in fight-or-flight responses

54
Q

GI Regulation
Before eating there is …

A

anticipatory release of insulin

55
Q

GI Regulation
What are the GI Hormones involved in digestion?

A

Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
GLP-1
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)

56
Q

GI Reulation
What are the effects of incretins?

A

Stimulate β cells
Inhibit α cells

57
Q

GI Regulation
Which hormones are Incretins?

A

GLP-1
GIP

58
Q

Which drugs can be used to treat hyperglycemia of T2DM?

A

Exenatide
Liraglutide

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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