Female Reproductive Hormones

Question 1

Female Sex Hormones

Answer 1

Progesterones
Estrogens

Question 2

Most common Female Reproductive Hormones

Answer 2

17β-estradiol
Progesterone

Question 3

Secondary effects of the Female Reproductive Hormones

Answer 3

Breast Development
Wider Hips
Rounder Facial Features

Question 4

Fill out the key features of a follicle

Answer 4

Question 5

Fill out the process of Estrogen Synthesis

Answer 5

Question 6

Estrogen Synthesis
Enzyme ____ converts cholesterol to prognenolone

Answer 6

desmolase

Question 7

Estrogen Synthesis
Enzyme ____ converts androstenedione to 17β-estradiol

Answer 7

aromatase

Question 8

Where may Androstenodione be produced in women?

Answer 8

Adrenal Gland

Refer to Male Reproductive Hormones Flashcard 4

Question 9

Besides Ovarian Cells, where may aromatase be found?

Answer 9

Adipose Tissue
Liver
Pancreas
Bone
Adrenal Glands
Skin
Brain
Breasts

Question 10

Fill out the process of Progesterone Synthesis

Answer 10

Question 11

The pulsatile release of ____ from the ____ is responsible for reproductive changes

Answer 11

__GnRH__
__Hypothalamus__

Question 12

What factors affect pulsatile release of GnRH?

Answer 12

Environment
Age
Time of month

Question 13

What body functions may be affected by Estrogen and Progesterone?

Answer 13

Transcription
Translation

Question 14

Similar pathway to other Steroid Hormones

How may Estrogen and Progesterone exert their action?

Answer 14

Internalization → Binding to Intracellular Receptors → Nuclear Binding

Question 15

How are progesterone and estrogen transported around the body?

Answer 15

Bound to Sex-Binding Hormone Globulins

Produced in liver

Question 16

What are ER and PR-positive breast cancers?

Answer 16

Means Estrogen and Progesterone stimulate cancer cell division

Question 17

How can ER and PR-positive breast cancers treated?

Answer 17

Tamoxifen blocks hormone receptors

Question 18

Functions of Estrogen

Answer 18

Initiates and promotes female characteristics
Developing and maintaining female reproductive tracts
Develops and maintains female secondary characteristics
Induces Progesterone receptors in several tissue (uterus, brain, breast)
Preparation for and maintaining pregnancy
Increasing HDL and decreasing LDL cholesterol
Increasing bone mass

Question 19

What changes may estrogen promote to enable preparation for pregnancy?

Answer 19

Endometrial Proliferation
Breast Ductal System for Lactation

Question 20

How may estradiol deficiency cause osteoporosis?

Answer 20

Decreases apoptosis of osteoclasts
Increases activity of osteoclasts

Question 21

Functions of Progesterone

Answer 21

Endometrium to Secretory Endometrium
Prepares Uterus for pregnancy
Increases body temperature

Question 22

What is the Ovulatory cycle?

Answer 22

Cycle of events in preparation for ovulation

Question 23

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 23

Cyclical Changes in the Uterine Endometrium

Aligns with Ovulatory Cycle

Question 24

What is atresia of the ova?

Answer 24

Steady degeneration of ova reducing their number

Question 25

What are Ovarian Follicles?

Answer 25

Oval structures where oocytes reside and develop

Question 26

What are the hormones of the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 26

Estradiol Estrogen Progesterone

Question 27

What is the effect of Estradiol in the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 27

Endometrium Thickening Formation of Tubular Glands

Question 28

What is the effect of Estrogen in the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 28

Progesterone Receptors on Endometrial Cells

Question 29

What is the effect of Progesterone in the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 29

Glands become Tortuous Decreased Mitotic Activity Increased Glandular Secretions

Question 30

What are the phases of the Ovulatory Cycle?

Answer 30

Follicular Phase Luteal Phase

Question 31

What are the phases of the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 31

Menses Proliferative Secretory

Question 32

Fill out the following diagram on Estradiol Negative Feedback

Answer 32

Question 33

Fill out the following diagram on Progesterone Negative Feedback

Answer 33

Question 34

Which hormone from the ovary inhibits the anterior pituitary release of FSH?

Answer 34

Inhibin

Question 35

How are FSH and LH involved in the Ovulatory and Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 35

**FSH+LH** involved in Estrogen Synthesis **FSH** = Stimulate Follicle Maturation before Ovulation **LH** = Surge of LH incites ovulation

Question 36

What produces the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)?

Answer 36

Developing embryo

Question 37

Function of hCG

Answer 37

Prevents degradation of Corpus Luteum which stimulates Progesterone Production to maintain Endometrium

Question 38

**Ovulatory Cycle** Timings of each phase

Answer 38

Follicular Phase (Days 1-14) Ovulation (Day 14) Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)

Question 39

**Ovulatory Cycle** Follicular Phase Events

Answer 39

Question 40

**Ovulatory Cycle** Ovulation marks the end of the ____ and the beginning of the ____

Answer 40

__follicular phase__ __luteal phase__

Question 41

**Ovulatory Cycle** Ovulation Events

Answer 41

Question 42

**Ovulatory Cycle** Luteal Phase Events

Answer 42

Question 43

**Menstrual Cycle** Timings of each phase

Answer 43

Menstrual Phase (Days 1-4) Proliferative Phase (Days 4-14) Secretory Phase (Days 15-28)

Question 44

**Menstrual Cycle** What happens during the Menstrual Phase?

Answer 44

Menses

Question 45

**Menstrual Cycle** What causes the Menstrual Phase?

Answer 45

Drop in Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 46

**Menstrual Cycle** What causes the menses?

Answer 46

Fragmentation of Endometrial Glands Thrombosis Inflammatory Cell Infiltration Degeneration of Endometrial Stroma

Question 47

**Menstrual Cycle** Proliferative Phase Events

Answer 47

Question 48

**Menstrual Events** Secretory Phase Events

Answer 48