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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are the divisions of the Nervous System?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the SNS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the parts of the CNS?

A
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5
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoceptors
Photoreceptors

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6
Q

Types of Mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel Disks
Meissner Corpuscles
Pacinian Corpuscle
Joint Receptors
Muscle Spindle
Golgi Tendon Organs
Cochlear Hair Cells

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7
Q

Types of Chemoreceptors

A

Taste Cells
Olfactory Cells

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8
Q

Types of Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings

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9
Q

Types of Thermoceptors

A

Warmth Receptors
Cold Receptors

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10
Q

Types of Photoreceptors

A

Rods
Cones

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11
Q

How is information transferred to the CNS?

A

Peripheral Nerves

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12
Q

Sensory Areas of the CNS are located in the …

A

Spinal Cord
Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

What are the Motor Functions of the Nervous System?

A

Skeletal Muscles Contraction
Smooth Muscles Contraction
Secretion of Chemicals

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14
Q

What are the effectors of the body?

A

Muscles
Glands

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15
Q

Motor areas of the CNS are located in the …

A

Spinal Cord
Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Motor Cortex

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16
Q

Motor Areas
The lower levels of control of Skeletal Muscles are for …

A

Automatic and Instantaneous Muscle reponses

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17
Q

Motor Areas
The upper levels of control of Skeletal Muscles are for …

A

Complex Muscle Momets

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18
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning

A

Spinal Cord Level
Lower Brain/Subcortical Level
Higher Brain/Cortical Level

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19
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Functions of the Spinal Cord Level

A

Walking Movements
Reflexes

Reflexes include response to Painful Stimuli, Support of Muscles against Gravity, Local Blood Vessels, GI Movements and Urinary Excretions

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20
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Function of the Subcortical Level

A

Medulla and Pons: Arterial Pressure and Respiration
Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon: Equilibrium
Medulla, Pons, Mesencephalon, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus: Feeding Reflexes
Emotional Patterns

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21
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Function of Cortical Level

A

Functions in association with lower centers
Stores Operative Processess
Thought Processes

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22
Q

Impulses are transferred from a ____ neuron to a ____ neuron

A

__presynaptic__
__postsynaptic__

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23
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

Axosomatic
Axodendritic
Axoaxonic

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24
Q

What are the types of transmissions across a synapse?

A

Chemical Transmission (using neurotransmitters)
Electrical Transmission (using gap junctions)

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25
Which type of transmission is fastest?
Electrical Transmission
26
Fill out the following diagram about chemical transmission
27
Which diseases affect SNARE proteins?
Botulism Tetanus
28
How do diseases affect SNARE proteins?
Cleave SNARE proteins causing inhibited release and paralysis
29
What type of paralysis does Botulism cause?
Flaccid Paralysis
30
What types of paralysis does Tetanus cause?
Spastic Paralysis
31
What are the types of Postsynaptic Potentials?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
32
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)
Make Postsynaptic Neuron's Membrane Potential more positive Cause generation of Action Potential
33
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)
Makes Postsynaptic Neuron's Membrane Potential more negative Prevents Depolarization
34
What is Summation?
Mutiple Action Potentials which add up to be Suprathreshold
35
What occurs in case of Excess Neurotransmitter Secretion?
Diffused away and taken up by other cells Digested by Synaptic Cleft Enzymes Taken up by Presynaptic Vesicle
36
How is the process regenerated?
Empty vesicles migrate through axon's cytoplasm allowing for reuptake of unused neurotransmitters
37
What are the main excitatory neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine Dopamine Glutamate Norepinephrine Serotonin
38
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
39
**Acetylcholine** Stimulates ...
Skeletal Muscle Contraction Endocrine Functions
40
**Acetylcholine** Cholinergic meaning
Neurons Synthesizing and Releasing Acetylcholine
41
**Acetylcholine** Which enzyme degrades Acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ## Footnote Enables muscle relaxation
42
**Acetylcholine** What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Disease causing destruction of ACh postsynaptic receptors and muscle weakness
43
**Dopamine** Function
Reward and Pleasure Center ## Footnote Connected with Drug Addiction and Addictive Personalities
44
**Dopamine** Decreased Dopamine Activity in Mesocortical Pathway causes ...
Social Withdrawal Isolation Flattened Affect Poor Speech Lack of Interest
45
**Dopamine** Increased Activity in Mesolimbic Tract
Hallucinations Delusions Rapid Speech Catatonic behaviour
46
**Dopamine** How does Parkinson's Disease occur?
Dopamine Deficiency in Nigrostriatal pathway
47
**Dopamine** Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Progressive Dementia Stiff Movements Resting Tremors
48
**Glutamate** Where is it synthesized?
Presynaptic Neurons/Glial Cells
49
**Glutamate** Serves as a precursor for ...
GABA
50
**Glutamate** What does excessive Glutamate cause?
Excitotoxicity
51
**Glutamate** Excitotoxicity has been implicated in ...
Spinal Cord Trauma Brain Trauma Autism Alzheimer's Parkinsons Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
52
**Norepinephrine** Which postsynaptic receptor does norepinephrine bind to?
Noradrenergic Receptors
53
**Norepinephrine** Function of NE in the brain
Enhances focus and attention Stimulates arousal Promotes alertness and vigilance Increases recall and memory retention
54
**Norepinephrine** Function of NE throughout the body
Fight-or-Flight Response Increases Heart Rate Increases Blood Pressure
55
**Norepinephrine** How does NE differ from other neurotransmitters?
Can also act as hormones
56
**Norepinephrine** Where is it produced?
Preganglionic Neurons Adrenal Medulla
57
**Serotonin** Regulates ...
Mood Appetite Sleep
58
**Serotonin** Where is it stored and released from?
**Majority**: Enterochromaffin Cells (GI tract) **Minority**: Raphe Nucleus (CNS) ## Footnote Similar to NE, it can act as a hormone and neurotransmitter
59
**Serotonin** Which receptors does it bind to?
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
60
**GABA** Function
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
61
**GABA** What are the types of GABA receptors?
GABAA receptors GABAB receptors
62
**GABA** GABAA receptors
Allows Chloride to enter cells and decreases Transmembrane Potential inhibiting Action Potential
63
**GABA** What type of receptor is GABAB?
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
64
**GABA** Mechanism of action
65
**GABA** GABA Deficiency causes ...
Huntington's Disease
66
**GABA** Characteristics of Huntington's Disease
Aggression Dementia Choreiform Movements
67
How does electrical transmission occur?
Ions pass between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurons through Gap Junctions
68
Uses of electrical transmission
Defensive Reflexes Cerebral Cortex Optic Retina Lateral Vestibular Nucleus (coordinating head movement and balance) Hippocampus (memory and spatial recognition) Olfactory Bulb (smell)

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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