adult 1_ fluids_electrolyte pt 2 - Sheet1

Question 1

What are the neuromuscular symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 1

Muscle cramps, tremors, hyperreflexia, positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs.

Question 2

What neurological symptoms can occur with hypomagnesemia?

Answer 2

Confusion, vertigo, seizures.

Question 3

What cardiac complications are associated with hypomagnesemia?

Answer 3

Dysrhythmias.

Question 4

What is the treatment for mild hypomagnesemia?

Answer 4

Oral magnesium supplements and increased dietary magnesium intake.

Question 5

What is the treatment for severe hypomagnesemia?

Answer 5

IV magnesium sulfate 10% solution infused at 1.5 mL/min.

Question 6

What antidote should be kept on standby when administering IV magnesium sulfate?

Answer 6

Calcium gluconate.

Question 7

What vital sign should be closely monitored when administering IV magnesium?

Answer 7

Respirations.

Question 8

What are good dietary sources of magnesium?

Answer 8

Nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes.

Question 9

What electrolyte imbalances are commonly associated with hypomagnesemia?

Answer 9

Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia.

Question 10

What conditions can cause hypomagnesemia?

Answer 10

Chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, diuretic use, prolonged diarrhea, uncontrolled diabetes.

Question 11

What are the cardiovascular symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 11

Hypotension, facial flushing.

Question 12

What neurological symptoms can occur with hypermagnesemia?

Answer 12

Lethargy.

Question 13

What renal symptom is associated with hypermagnesemia?

Answer 13

Oliguria (reduced urine output).

Question 14

What gastrointestinal symptoms can occur with hypermagnesemia?

Answer 14

Nausea and vomiting (N/V).

Question 15

What neuromuscular sign is seen in hypermagnesemia?

Answer 15

Hyporeflexia.

Question 16

What is the first priority intervention for hypermagnesemia?

Answer 16

Stop oral/IV magnesium intake.

Question 17

What is the recommended intervention for patients with adequate renal function?

Answer 17

Increase fluid intake to promote magnesium excretion.

Question 18

What is the treatment for hypermagnesemia in patients with impaired renal function?

Answer 18

Hemodialysis.

Question 19

What medication is given to symptomatic cardiac patients with hypermagnesemia?

Answer 19

IV calcium gluconate.

Question 20

What should be closely monitored in hypermagnesemia patients?

Answer 20

Respiratory and neuromuscular status (neuromuscular blockade).

Question 21

What neuromuscular symptoms are associated with hypocalcemia?

Answer 21

Tetany, hyperreflexia, positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs.

Question 22

How does hypocalcemia affect the cardiovascular system?

Answer 22

Decreased cardiac contractility.

Question 23

What is the treatment for mild (asymptomatic) hypocalcemia?

Answer 23

Increase calcium and vitamin D intake.

Question 24

What is the treatment for severe (symptomatic) hypocalcemia?

Answer 24

IV calcium gluconate if the patient has EKG changes.

Question 25

Why is rebreathing CO2 recommended for hypocalcemia?

Answer 25

It helps retain CO2, which can lower pH and increase ionized calcium levels.

Question 26

What medication change should be made for patients on loop diuretics with hypocalcemia?

Answer 26

Discontinue loop diuretics and switch to thiazide diuretics to retain calcium.

Question 27

What dietary sources are rich in calcium?

Answer 27

Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, almonds, sardines, tofu, fortified foods.

Question 28

What should be monitored when administering IV calcium gluconate?

Answer 28

Cardiac function and EKG for potential changes.

Question 29

What are common causes of hypocalcemia?

Answer 29

Hypoparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, pancreatitis, loop diuretics.

Question 30

What complication can arise if hypocalcemia is untreated?

Answer 30

Seizures and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 31

What are the musculoskeletal symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 31

Bone pain, muscle weakness.

Question 32

What renal complications can be associated with hypercalcemia?

Answer 32

Kidney stones, polyuria.

Question 33

What neurological symptoms are common in hypercalcemia?

Answer 33

Confusion, lethargy.

Question 34

What is the treatment for mild hypercalcemia?

Answer 34

Reduce calcium intake, increase weight-bearing activity, increase fluid intake (especially cranberry/prune juice to acidify the urine).

Question 35

What is the treatment for severe hypercalcemia?

Answer 35

IV isotonic saline, bisphosphonate, and calcitonin.

Question 36

What should be done in life-threatening hypercalcemia?

Answer 36

Dialysis may be needed in severe cases.

Question 37

What is the gold standard treatment for hypercalcemia?

Answer 37

Bisphosphonates.

Question 38

How does calcitonin help in hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

It increases renal calcium excretion and is used only for a few days.

Question 39

What dietary modification is recommended for hypercalcemia?

Answer 39

Reducing calcium intake.

Question 40

What are good strategies to prevent kidney stones in hypercalcemia?

Answer 40

Increase fluid intake to promote hydration and urine flow.

Question 41

What are the key laboratory findings in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 41

Low pH and high CO2.

Question 42

What are common causes of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 42

Hypoventilation (sleep apnea, COPD, asthma, pneumonia).

Question 43

What cardiovascular symptom is associated with respiratory acidosis?

Answer 43

Hypotension.

Question 44

What is the priority intervention for respiratory acidosis?

Answer 44

Maintain airway patency with suctioning and oxygen therapy.

Question 45

How can ventilation be promoted in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 45

Using an incentive spirometer.

Question 46

What medication may be administered for severe respiratory acidosis?

Answer 46

Sodium bicarbonate.

Question 47

What is the treatment for pneumonia in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 47

Antibiotics to treat the underlying infection.

Question 48

What is the treatment for asthma in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 48

Bronchodilators to open the airways.

Question 49

What other interventions are important in managing respiratory acidosis?

Answer 49

Close monitoring of respiratory function, providing respiratory support as needed.

Question 50

What is the general approach to managing respiratory acidosis?

Answer 50

Treat the underlying cause (e.g., infection, obstruction) and support ventilation.

Question 51

What are the key laboratory findings in respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 51

High pH and low CO2.

Question 52

What are common causes of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 52

Hyperventilation, often due to anxiety, pain, fever, or high altitudes.

Question 53

What cardiovascular symptom is associated with respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 53

Tachycardia.

Question 54

What is the priority intervention for respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 54

Calm the patient down to slow breathing.

Question 55

What breathing technique can help manage respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 55

Pursed lip breathing.

Question 56

What is the treatment for severe respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 56

Rebreathing CO2, such as through a paper bag (if appropriate).

Question 57

What is the general approach to managing respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 57

Address the underlying cause (e.g., anxiety, pain) and encourage slow, controlled breathing.

Question 58

What are the key laboratory findings in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 58

Low pH and low HCO3.

Question 59

What are common causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 59

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), kidney failure, ETOH (alcohol) abuse, diarrhea.

Question 60

What type of breathing is commonly seen in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 60

Kussmaul respirations, which are deep and rapid to increase CO2 excretion.

Question 61

What skin symptoms may be seen in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 61

Cold and clammy skin.

Question 62

What neurological symptoms are associated with metabolic acidosis?

Answer 62

Confusion, lethargy.

Question 63

What is the priority intervention for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 63

Treat the underlying cause (e.g., insulin for DKA, antibiotics for infections).

Question 64

What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 64

Administer insulin to lower blood glucose and reverse acidosis.

Question 65

What medication may be given for severe metabolic acidosis?

Answer 65

Sodium bicarbonate.

Question 66

What are other potential causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 66

Diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate), kidney failure, and alcohol abuse.

Question 67

What complications can arise from untreated metabolic acidosis?

Answer 67

Respiratory distress, shock, and organ failure.

Question 68

What are the key laboratory findings in metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 68

High pH and high HCO3.

Question 69

What are common causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 69

Nausea, vomiting, NG suctioning resulting in acid loss, overuse of diuretics.

Question 70

What gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 70

Nausea, vomiting.

Question 71

What is the priority intervention for metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 71

Provide sodium chloride and potassium chloride to correct electrolyte imbalances.

Question 72

What other treatment may be used to manage metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 72

Correct the underlying cause (e.g., stop excessive diuretic use, treat nausea/vomiting).

Question 73

How do sodium chloride and potassium chloride help in metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 73

They help restore fluid and electrolyte balance, correcting chloride and potassium deficits.