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advanced physical Flashcards

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1
Q

fetch

A

distance over which the wind blows

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2
Q

wave formations

A

1) wind moves across surface of water, frictional drag creates small ripples. circular orbital motion of particles
2) Closer to coastline, orbit becomes more elliptical
3) wave height increases, wavelength and velocity decrease
4) water backs up from behind wave until it breaks and surges up beach

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3
Q

swash and backwash

A

swash - movement of wave onto beach after wave breaks, material deposited
backwash - movement of waves back down the beach. drags material off beach

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4
Q

wave types

A

constructive - deposit material, creates depositional landforms and ↑ size of beaches
destructive - remove depositional landforms through erosion, ↓ size of beach

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5
Q

high energy coastlines

A

powerful waves, large fetch, rocky landforms, destructive waves. erosion > Deposition

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6
Q

low energy coastlines

A

less powerful constructive waves, Deposition > erosion

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7
Q

wave refraction

A

waves turn and lose energy around headland on uneven coastline. creates erosive features on headlands

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8
Q

why waves break

A

friction between waves and floor causing wave to slow. Wavelength ↓ wave becomes steeper until can no longer be supported

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9
Q

types of Marine erosion

A

Hydraulic Action, corrasion, abrasion, solution, attrition

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10
Q

Hydraulic Action

A

bubbles found within water implode under high pressure, creating tiny jets of water that erode rock over time

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11
Q

Corrasion

A

sand and pebbles picked up from offshore sink and hurled against cliffs at high tide

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12
Q

Abrasion

A

sediment moved along coastline, worn down over time by rubbing against coastline

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13
Q

Solution

A

mildly acidic water dissolves alkaline rocks into solution

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14
Q

Attrition

A

wave action causes rocks and pebbles to hit against one another, wearing down and becoming smaller and smaller

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15
Q

Sub aerial processes

A

Physical: freeze thaw, salt crystalisation, wetting & drying
Chemical: Carbonation, Oxidation
Biological: Rock boring, seaweed acids, decaying vegetation

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16
Q

mass movement

A

soil creep - slowest, particles rise & fall due to wetting and freezing. forms shallow terracettes
mudflow - ↑water content of soil ↓friction, mudflow over underlying bedrock
Rockfall - sloped cliffs over 40° exposed to mechanical weathering. vertical cliffs and earthquakes
landslides and rockslides - heavy rainfall, water enters joints in cliffs

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17
Q

Transportation

A

Traction: Large, heavy sediment rolled along the seabed
Saltation: Smaller sediment bounces, pushed by currents
susprnsion: smaller sediment carried. higher velocity = ↑size of sediment which can be carried
Solution - dissolved material carried, potentially in chemical form

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18
Q

Gravity setting

A

water’s velocity decreases so sediment begins to be dropped

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19
Q

flocculation

A

clay particles group together due to chemical attraction

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20
Q

Sediment sources

A

Rivers & estuaries, cliff erosion, wind, glaciers, offshore, longshore drift

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21
Q

sediment cells

A

coasts split into sections. within cells, movement of sediment almost contained & flows act in dynamic equilibrium

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22
Q

cliffs on coastlines

A

high energy - steep, strong, resistant. absence of beach
low energy - weaker, less resistant rock prone to slumping. low energy waves and short fetch form scree mound at bottom of cliff which reduces angle

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23
Q

wave cut notch

A

hydraulic action and corrasion from waves create a wave-cut notch. notch gets deeper, cliff falls

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24
Q

caves, arches, stacks, stumps

A

caves - water enters faults in cracks in headland through HA and Abrasion
Arch - Cave widens due to marine erosion and sub-aerial processes, erodes through to other side
Stack - arch continues to widen until unable to support itself
stump - marine erosion attacks base of stack until it collapses

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25
Depositional landforms
beaches, swash aligned beaches, single & compound spits, tombolos, offshore bars, barrier beaches, coastal dunes, tidal sedimentation in estuaries, coastal saltmarshes, mangroves
26
Role of sea levels in formation of coastal landforms
rias: rising sea levels flood narrow, winding inlets and river valleys Fjords: rising sea levels flood deep glacial valleys to create natural inlets & harbours Dalmation coasts: valleys run parallel to coast as result of sea level change. leaves series of narrow, long & rugged islands
27
distribution of coral reefs
mostly around the pacific ocean, south-east Asia & Australia, Some in the Indian & Atlantic oceans with a few in the middle east
28
conditions required for coral growth
salt water, temperature (23-25° optimum), light - shallow water, oxygen, clean water
29
Fringing reefs
attached to or run parallel to shoreline, can be hundreds of km long
30
Barrier reefs
coral reef completely separate from shore by a lagoon. run parallel to coastline but separated by lagoon
31
atolls
circular reefs with lagoon in the middle. form around volcanic island which shrinks back into ocean
32
threats to coral reefs
pollution, sea level rise, tourism, physical damage
33
managing coral reefs
protected areas & exclusion zones, preventing invasive species/predators, limiting global warming and ocean acidification, education and awareness
34
hazards resulting from tectonic processes
on average, volcanoes and earthquakes occur on plate boundaries. volcanoes on convergent (not c+c) & divergent. earthquakes on all
35
Earthquakes
plates don't fit perfectly together, stuck due to friction, pressure builds and plates give way causing sudden jolting motion. measured by logarithmic Richter scale (1-9) and modified mercalli intensity scale (I - XII)
36
hazards caused by earthquakes
shockwaves, tsunamis, liquefaction, landslide
37
volcanoes on different plate boundaries
convergent - explosive, high pressure. composite volacnoes | Divergent - effusive, less pressure on magma, shield volcanoes
38
Volcanoes on hotspots
areas of volcanic activity not related to plate boundaries. magma plumes from mantle rise & burn through weaker spots of crust and create volcanic islands
39
Hazards caused by volcanoes
nuees ardentes, lava flows, mudflows, lahars, ash fallout, toxic gases
40
nuees ardentes
clouds of burning hot ash & gas that collapse down volcano at high speeds. average 60mph but can reach up to 430mph
41
Lava Flows
quick or slow depending on viscosity. silica = slow, common in explosive
42
mudflows & lahars
mudflows: triggered by violent shaking of ground or meltwater from volcanic heat Lahars: usually caused by melting of ice at high latitudes
43
toxic gases
released during some eruptions
44
primary and secondary effects of volcanic hazard
Primary: people killed, homes destroyed by lava and pyroclastic flows Secondary: Fires can start which put lives at risk, mudflows & floods, trauma, homelessness
45
primary and secondary effects of seismic hazard
Primary: Buildings collapse; killing, injuring and trapping people, homes destroyed Secondary: Gas pipes and water pipes rupture causing fires and diseases, damaging flooding
46
Response and risk management to seismic hazards (PPMA)
Prevention - cannot be prevented, only damage caused can be preventes Preparedness - EQ prone areas have extensive awareness strategies & education in place, EQ & Tsunami warning systems, evacuation plans Mitigation - Search & rescue, evacuation, emergency aid Adaptation - EQ proof buildings, move away, put valuable items where they won't fall
47
Response and risk management to volcanic hazards (PPMA)
prevention - cannot be prevented, casualties can preparedness - monitoring increases notice meaning warnings can be given, education in at-risk areas, evacuation procedures mitigation - direct intervention e.g. concrete blocks to steer lava away from areas, strengthening buildings at risk, evacuation zones and emergency aid adaptation - move away, change profession, capitalise on opportunities
48
causes of hazardous mass movement
the slope becomes too saturated, weathering and erosion weaken internal strength, seismic waves trigger rockslides etc, human activities
49
prediction of mass movement hazards
precipitation is measured through a rain gauge, soil moisture measured by different technologies, changes in surface of slope measured using radar tech & inclinometer, seismometers measure seismic waves in ground
50
Large Scale Tropical Disturbances
hurricanes - North America typhoons - Asia (especially japan) cyclones - Oceania
51
conditions required for tropical storm to develop
Temperature (26-27), unstable air pressure, wind sheer, rotation (coriolis effect), trigger
52
formation of high pressure tropical disturbances
1) warm, moist air rises & warm air from surrounding high pressure areas enters and rises accumulating in atmosphere 2) warm air rises & cools, condenses to thunderclouds 3) whole system spins due to coriolis effect 4) addition of energy from warm air faster spinning and wind speeds. low pressure center, high pressure surroundings 5) cool dry air descends in eye causing cool, calm weather 6) eyewall surrounds eye. most powerful area of storm - high winds and torrential rain. winds = 74mph - hurricane,cyclone,typhoon
53
hazards from large scale atmospheric disturbances
storm surges, intense rainfall, landslides, flooding, high winds
54
Small scale tropical disturbances
tornadoes - great plains of central United States
55
formation of tornadoes
1) Sun heats ground, hot air rises and condenses into clouds. upper winds stronger and faster than lower 2) Stronger, faster wind starts to roll under weaker wind, creating horizontal cylinder of wind 3) powerful, hot updraughts continue to rise, forces air cylinder to rise into rotating vertical column of air known as supercell 4) cool, dry updraughts pull rotating air downwards, causing spinning vortex to become faster & tighter 5) if vortex reaches ground, considered a tornado
56
hazards caused by tornadoes
high winds, intense precipitation, pressure imbalances
57
primary & secondary impacts of large scale
P:drowning, debris carried can injure or kill, buildings destroyed S: Homelessness, polluted water supplies spread diseases, food shortages from damaged land
58
secondary impacts of small scale
widespread power failure, psychological trauma, homelessness, risk of injury due to damaged house
59
Prediction of large scale atmospheric disturbances
form far away from land so satellite tracking of cloud formation & movement so that general route can be predicted. Closer the hurricane, easier it is to predict. Probability of hazards predicted using recurrence intervals
60
preparedness for large scale atmospheric disturbances
awareness through education of what to do during tropical storm, evacuation plans & training, storm warning systems and television broadcasts tracking storm
61
Prediction of tornadoes
not 100% accurate, but there are ways to monitor and spot warning signs. favourable conditions for tornado can be onitored, warning signs sighted e.g. funnel clouds, radars & weather systems spot signs of formation
62
preparedness for tornadoes
tornado warning systems, evacuation plans, training and drills, back up generators ready for use

Geography (7 decks)

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