core human Flashcards
(33 cards)
key population perameters
distribution, density, numbers, change
Total fertility rate
average number of children a mother will birth during reproductive age
where are infant mortality and crude death rates highest
IMR - Africa, Pakistan, Afghanistan & Laos
CDR - Africa (not northern) Russia & Eastern Europe
Morbidity rates
shown through the incidence of diseases. Non-communicable diseases higher in HIC’s, infections and biologically transmitted diseases higher in LIC’s
population structure
age, gender, economically active, dependents
Food security
available, accessible, affordable food that is safe and nutritious for healthy lifestyle. Food insecurity is the opposite - chronic hunger and food shortages
strategies to increase food security
↑ access to foreign markets, ↑ Tech and innovation, ↑ efficiency
Green Revolution
Mid 20th Century - ↑ technology = ↑ food security, amount of food and efficiency of farm
↑ use of fertilisers, mechanisation, irrigation and development of HYV’s, e.g. India - resulting in ↑ calorie intake in LIC’s and ↑160% grain yields
Carrying capacity
the maximum population that can be supported in an environment without the environment being severely degraded
Over, optimum and underpopulation
Overpopulation - too many people to be supported by the environment and its resources
Optimum Population - ideal number of people for environment and its resources
Underpopulation - Too little people to fully utilise the environment and its resources
International Migration patterns
230 million people live in a country that isn’t place of birth (2014), used to be common in world destinations but is now common in many cities in developing countries. ↑ migration as a result of globalisation
Chain migration
movement of people to an area that causes more people to follow to that area
stepped migration
gradual movement from origin to destination through a number of moves up hierarchy
Causes of Urban - Rural migration
Search for improved quality of life: crime, overpopulation, pollution and high cost of living. Quieter, less costly & more peaceful for elderly
Impacts of urban - rural migration
Destination: + Larger workforce, - increases pressure on services, - ↑house prices, - environmental degradation,, may upset locals
Origin: + released pressure on services, - deindustrialisation, - ↓ wealthier, elderly population, + younger population, - rise in anti-social behaviour
Intra-Urban migration
movement of people within urban settlements. Burgess model & Hoyt Model
Major Labour flows
Asia - 63 million internal movements in Asia in 2017
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ⇢ Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE & Bahrain
Europe - 41 million. Germany holds most of EU migrants, mainly from eastern europe
Voluntary migration case study
Poland ⇢ UK
2004: Poland joins EU, allowing free passage into UK. 15,000 predicted to apply for residency by July 2006, 447,000 actually applied
Push: 18.2% unemployment rate (2005), $12,700 GDP per capita (2006), Standard of living lower
Pull: 5.1% unemployment UK with skill shortages, early access to higher wages, UK one of three countries who didn’t restrict access
Impact on Poland: + 4bn remittances, - shortage of skilled workers, - divorce rate x2
Impact on UK: + polish workers filled skill gap, - unknown migrants, 80% 18-35 = youthful population
Attempts to manage in Poland: trafficking has no limits & assisted voluntary return projects
Attempts to manage in UK: UK points based system
Involuntary Migration Case Study
Syria
Crisis as a result of violent government crackdown on public demonstrations in support of a group of teenagers arrested. escalated quickly, civil war forced millions out of homes. 10 years on, 13 million need assistance. 6.6 million have fleed syria since 2011, primarily to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt
settlement
area where people live, exist somewhere on a rural-urban continuum. not always one or the other
Typical rural LEDC
small villages, agricultural, subsistence, low water and energy
Changes in rural areas in LEDC
+ ↓ rural population, ↓ pressure on water and energy services, + ↓ unemployment, + remittances from those in urban, - services closed down, ageing population, ↓ agricultural production
changes in rural areas in MEDC
economy no longer agriculture-based, farm diversification, ↑house prices, formation of suburbanised villages, ↓ rural services and public transport
Mulbarton Case study
Location: South of Norwich, between A140 & A11
Characteristics: Primary school, cricket club, church, fish & chip shop, social club, large common, bus services
Issues of development: ↑ house prices, ↑population, Increased buildings not in characteristic of village, ↑pressure on primary schools, natural habitats damaged and flood risk ↑
