Core Physical

Question 1

drainage basin system

Answer 1

natural system. area drained by a river and any tributariea

Question 2

River Discharge

Answer 2

volume of water passing through cross-sectional area (cumecs)

Question 3

Stores

Answer 3

Interception, soil water, surface water, groundwater, channel storage

Question 4

Flows

Answer 4

Above Ground: Throughfall, stemflow, overland flow, channel flow

Below Ground: Infiltration, percolation, throughflow, groundwater flow, baseflow

Question 5

Hydrograph

Answer 5

graph that shows river discharge over time

Question 6

Hydrographs show:

Answer 6

rising limb, falling limb, discharge, lag time, baseflow, stormflow, bankfull discharge

Question 7

Influences on hydrograph

Answer 7

storm events, type of precipitation, evaporation, seasons, antecedent moisture

Question 8

drainage density

Answer 8

high: more streams and rivers
Low: less streams and rivers

Question 9

Corrasion

Answer 9

scraping and grinding

Question 10

Solution

Answer 10

water dissolving

Question 11

hydraulic action

Answer 11

water causes rocks to fragment when channel is hit

Question 12

Cavitation

Answer 12

water enters small gaps, widens cracks

Question 13

Traction

Answer 13

large rocks & pebbles rolled

Question 14

saltation

Answer 14

pebbles, bounced

Question 15

suspension

Answer 15

small pebbles carried

Question 16

solution

Answer 16

soluble, materials carried

Question 17

hjulstrom curve

Answer 17

graph that shows velocity and river materials

Question 18

Laminar, Turbulent, Helicoidal

Answer 18

Laminar: straight
Turbulent: disorderly, change in velocity, eddies
Helicoidal: corkscrew, meanders,

Question 19

gorge

Answer 19

formed by retreating waterfall

Question 20

bluff

Answer 20

large, rounded cliff on side of river, formed on outside of meander

Question 21

River Don

Answer 21

84mm rainfall in sheffield and south yorkshire
groundwater flooding - major incident declared
6 sever flood warnings issued
1,000 properties flooded
govt allowed £5,000 to those affected

Question 22

Atmosphere

Answer 22

area of transparent gases surrounding earth

Question 23

Earth energy budget

Answer 23

receives energy from sun and earth, loses energy to space

Question 24

Global energy budget

Answer 24

Incoming (shortwave radiation) 47% reaches earth, Outgoing (longwave) radiation (energy received converted to heat), Latent heat (evaporation)

Question 25

Variations in receipt of solar radiation

Answer 25

Positive budget in tropics | negative budget in poles

Question 26

Trade winds

Answer 26

Northern Hemisphere - NE → SW | Southern Hemisphere - SE → NW

Question 27

Ocean currents

Answer 27

continuous, predictable, directional movement of sea water driven by gravity, wind and water density

Question 28

Absolute humidity

Answer 28

amount of water vapour in atmosphere

Question 29

Relative humidity

Answer 29

amount of water vapour in the atmosphere expressed as % of maximum amount of water air can hold at temperature

Question 30

Convection

Answer 30

air in contact w/ warm land surface. heats + expands = rises then cools

Question 31

Frontal uplift of air

Answer 31

two air masses. warm rises above cold as it is lighter and slower

Question 32

Orographic uplift (relief)

Answer 32

air forced to rise over high ground. cools and condenses as it rises and intensifies rainfall over high ground

Question 33

Nimbus clouds

Answer 33

rain bearing

Question 34

Cloud shape

Answer 34

Stratus: little uplift, wide area Cumulus: more uplift, smaller area

Question 35

Cloud level

Answer 35

Cirro - very high alto - mid level stratus/cumulus - low level

Question 36

enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer 36

less heat escapes, more heat re-emitted

Question 37

tectonic plates

Answer 37

Lithosphere broken up into slabs of rock

Question 38

Divergent, Convergent, Conservative

Answer 38

Divergent - two of same move apart Convergent - Towards each other Conservative - along one another

Question 39

formations at Divergent, Convergent, Conservative

Answer 39

Divergent - sea floor spreading Convergent - underwater volcanoes, island arcs (O+O) Fold mountains (O+C) Conservative - Fault lines

Question 40

Physical Weathering

Answer 40

disintergration of rocks

Question 41

Chemical weathering

Answer 41

decomposition of rocks

Question 42

Hydrolysis

Answer 42

mineral (felspar) is broken down via reaction with acidic water. Kaolin formed

Question 43

Carbonation

Answer 43

rainwater contains carbonic acid, reacts w calcium carbonate (chalk and limestone) and calcite (rock cement)

Question 44

Factors affecting type of weathering

Answer 44

climate, rock type and structure, vegetation, relief

Question 45

Mass movement

Answer 45

Heaves - frost heave and soil creep Flows - cohesive flows controlled by moisture Falls - slopes made of rock, sudden and dramatic slides - fastest, seismic waves or gravitational stress trigger

Question 46

Human impact

Answer 46

decreasing stability caused by an increase in shear stress or decrease of internal strength e.g. mining, construction, Agriculture

Question 47

strategies to reduce mass movement

Answer 47

afforestation, netting, pinning, grading