Age related macular degeneration 1

Question 1

Role of cornea and lens?

Answer 1

Allows the image to be focused onto the retina at the back of the eye

Question 2

Leading cause of blindness in the developing world?

Answer 2

Lens becoming a cateract

Question 3

What is the vitreous humour?

Answer 3

“jelly” in the middle of the eye

Question 4

What is the foveas centralis?

Answer 4

Centre of the retina, where you have your sharpest vision

Question 5

What is the first cell that light gives info to after being focused onto the retina?

Answer 5

photoreceptor layer at the back

Question 6

Photoreceptor types?

Answer 6

Rods and cones

Question 7

What is a photochemical reaction?

Answer 7

Changing light energy into a chemical response

Question 8

What transmits the chemical response from photoreceptors?

Answer 8

Bipolar cells, then onto ganglion cells

Question 9

Where do ganglion cells go?

Answer 9

Through the retina, through the optic nerve and into the brain

Question 10

Age related macular degeneration effect on vision?

Answer 10

central vision loss

Question 11

Retinitis pigmentosa effect on vision?

Answer 11

Only see the centre–> peripheral vision loss

Question 12

Acquired trauma effect on vision?

Answer 12

White spots in vision

Question 13

Leading cause of moderate and severe vision impairment between 50 and 60 yrs old?

Answer 13

Undercorrected refractive error (no glasses)

Question 14

Most common surgery in the UK?

Answer 14

Cataract surgery

Question 15

Leading cause of vision loss in the UK?

Answer 15

Macular degeneration

Question 16

Different kinds of risk factors for AMD?

Answer 16

Demographic, environmental and genetic

Question 17

AMD risk factors?

Answer 17

Age: Odds ratio [OR] of 4.2 per decade
Smoking: OR for smokers: 3.11, OR for former smokers: 1.34
Diet and Exercise

Question 18

Heritability of AMD?

Answer 18

between 45% and 70%

Question 19

What is visible in an eye w/ early AMD?

Answer 19

Yellow spots (lipid deposits), hypopigmented areas (lighter areas)

Question 20

What causes hypopigmented areas inn AMD?

Answer 20

Scarring of the retina

Question 21

Acute change in AMD?

Answer 21

Bleeding within/under the retina

Question 22

Difference between bleeding within/under?

Answer 22

Darker/more purple is under the retina, redder is in the retina

Question 23

What are exudates?

Answer 23

Lipid deposits

Question 24

Advanced AMD?

Answer 24

Scarring in the centre of vision as well as peripheral

Question 25

What does optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow?

Answer 25

Assessment of the back of the eye at a microscopic level Cross section of the retina

Question 26

What is the base of the retina called?

Answer 26

Retinal pigment epithelium

Question 27

Cause of AMD?

Answer 27

Slow and persistent accumulation of oxidative products and lipids

Question 28

What is microangiopathy?

Answer 28

pattern of damage that can occur in the smallest blood vessels

Question 29

Causes of lipid build up in the retina?

Answer 29

Microangiopathy, oxidative stress, parainflammation, lipid build up in Bruch's membrane

Question 30

Where is Bruch's membrane?

Answer 30

between the retina and the choroid.

Question 31

What are druzen?

Answer 31

Pockets of lipid

Question 32

What can druzen do?

Answer 32

Impact transmission of info, lead to disease