Diabetes 5

Question 1

Examples of advanced glycation end products (AGE products)?

Answer 1

A1C
Most common = N3-carboxy-methyl-lysine (CML)

Question 2

What happens to the proteins in the blood when BGC is elevated?

Answer 2

Non-enzymatic glycosylation that happens to proteins

Question 3

When is non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins reversible?

Answer 3

When it is in the early stages

Question 4

Early glycosylation of proteins?

Answer 4

glucose binds covalently to the protein in random places, is reversible

Question 5

Intermediate stage of glycosylation of proteins product?

Answer 5

a dicarbonyl compound

Question 6

Later stage of glycosylation of proteins product?

Answer 6

an advanced glycosylation end product

Question 7

Which stage of AGE formation are not reversible?

Answer 7

Intermediate and late

Question 8

What is the maillard reaction?

Answer 8

nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins

Question 9

WHat are the receptors for AGE products called?

Answer 9

RAGE

Question 10

What is activated when AGE products bind to their receptors?

Answer 10

they trigger a cascade of events, activating the NKkappaB pathway

Question 11

What happens a a result of the NKkappaB pathway being triggered?

Answer 11

Leads to pro-inflammatory processes
Release of proinflammatory cytokines like IL1beta, IL6 and tnfalpha

Question 12

Result of pro inflammatory cytokines being released due to AGE products?

Answer 12

Enhances effect of diabetes and its complications
Disrupt endothelial barriers, damage capillary vessels

Question 13

WHat are some proteins that can be modified by AGE products?

Answer 13

Albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, collagen

Question 14

Chronic hyperglycemia effect on water?

Answer 14

causes the water to be extracted from the surrounding cells in order to decrease the blood glucose concentration.

Question 15

Result of water being drawn into blood because of high BGC?

Answer 15

Increased blood pressure

Question 16

What causes damage of small blood vessels?

Answer 16

High blood pressure, increased FFA, LDL and AGE products circulation,

Question 17

Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on larger arteries?

Answer 17

Thickening of the wall–> athlerosclerosis

Question 18

Effect if increased BGC on the eye?

Answer 18

Damage small blood vessels in the eye–> leakages or occlusions
Vision problem and eventually blindness

Question 19

Cure of eye issues caused by diebetes?

Answer 19

No cure–> prevention and regular checks is important
Laser treatment–> photocoagulation could work

Question 20

Is retina damage reversible?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

Proportion of diabetics with eye issues 20 yrs after diagnosis?

Answer 21

Almost all w/ type 1, and 60% w/ type 2

Question 22

Diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 22

Damage that happens at the capillary/glomerular level of the kidneys

Question 23

Causes of diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 23

High blood pressure and hyperglycaemic metabolic complications
SOme genetic factors

Question 24

Specifics damage/cause of diabetic nepropathy?

Answer 24

Kidneys are gradually damaged by microvessels breakdown

Question 25

Late stage effect of diabetes on kidneys?

Answer 25

end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure

Question 26

Ways to treat diabetic effects on kidneys?

Answer 26

Blood pressure lowering drugs, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to lower blood pressure

Question 27

Effect of diabetes on glomarular filtration rate?

Answer 27

Decreases it

Question 28

Effect of diabetes on systolic BP?

Answer 28

Increases it

Question 29

Effect of diabetes on protein content of urine?

Answer 29

Increases proteinuria