aggression Flashcards

Question

Frazzetto et al: gene-environment interaction

Answer 1

found association between higher levels of anti-social agg behaviour and MAOA-L in males, if trauma in first 15 yrs of life

Answer 2

research support- Mertins studied PTs with low and high activity variance of MAOAG in money distributing game, MAOA-L more aggressive. Mertens study criticised as non-genetic factors are also crucial twin studies lack validity as also share same environment and treated more simile so could also be down to environment Methodological problems with supporting studies as many focus on males so gender bias and lack of population validity

Answer 3

study of animals in their natural environment. behaviour has evolved for survival &reproductive purposes. Lorenz said agg is instinct. Helps to survive, protect, assert dominance.

Answer 4

Lorenz observed that fights between same species produced little physical damage to avoid extinction.

Answer 5

displaying claws/teeth

Answer 6

cowering, showing jugular vein

Answer 7

innate structure in brain. activated by environmental stimulus. results in specific sequence of agg behaviours (fixed action pattern). Stimuli --IRM --FAP

Answer 8

Ballistic - once triggered, inevitable Universal Unaffected by learning Single-purpose Sign-stimulus - prompts response Stereotyped - unchanging sequence

Answer 9

male sticklebacks. highly territorial during mating season. develop red spot on underbelly. if another male enters territory, FAP is initiated. red spot - Sign stimulus. presented with wooden models of diff shapes n sizes.

Answer 10

regardless of shape, if had spot, male would attack, if no spot, wouldn't. once triggered, FAP ran its course to completion.

Answer 11

biological research evidence from Brunner - provides validity for the role of IRMS. Tinbergens research Goodall - chimps killed each other despite appeasement signals so questions ritualistic Limited as Nisbet found difference in murder rates between the north and south states due to learn social norm cultural differences therefore difficult to explain

Answer 12

men can't be fully sure if they are the father. paternity uncertainty results as threat for male cuckoldry. waste of his time and resources. agg strategies to retain their partners.

Answer 13

direct guarding - keeping tabs. negative inducements - comments to evoke guilt. gaslighting - manipulation, doubt own sanity, dependent on them. hazing - create situation to cause embarrassment n risk harm.

Answer 14

women who reported mate-retention strategies, twice as likely to have suffered physical violence from partner. 73% required medics.

Answer 15

due to power imbalance. more powerful individual uses agg against someone they view as weaker to gain status. Volk et al - bullying characteristics attractive to females. demonstrated dominance, warns off rivals, makes female stay with him.

Answer 16

Shackleford, couples less than a year with cohesive control. Males used mate retention. positive correlation between MRBs and abuse. Campbell: females with offspring decreased aggression as could threaten their survival. males would. Practical applications - red flags to look for, taught in schools, anti bullying Fails to explain individual differences - too simplistic. Method issues - correlation is no causing effect so could be intervening factors

Answer 17

Frustration agg hypothesis Social learning theory Deindividuation

Answer 18

agg always result of frustration. occurs when goal-directed behaviour is blocked. creates agg drive. Cathartic (cleansing) as relieves frustration and decreases agg drive. sometimes can't be directed at source if:- difficult to access too powerful cause unavailable. consequently deflected elsewhere.

Answer 19

might not behave agg if frustrated, create a readiness. presence of cues makes acting on it more likely. gave shocks, when weapons on table, more ppl gave shocks.

Answer 20

Real world application, as a footy team performed worse through more things and an increase in aggressive behaviour. Contradictory research from Bushman - PT is who invented anger by hitting a punch bag became more angry Berkowitz - frustration is one of many stimuli that can create negative feelings negative effect theory

Answer 21

behaviour is learned via observation and imitation of role models. Likely to imitate role model if person identifies with them in someway Identification: a connection between observer and role model based on similarity Vicarious reinforcement: observing the consequences of role models behaviour in terms of reward and punishment. if reward, imitate for them to get reward.

Answer 22

lab experiment 3 conditions 3- 6-year-olds 2 groups exposed to adult models who behaved either aggressively/non-aggressively. 1/2 saw same-sex model, control didn’t see any model aggressive attacked bobo doll. children exposed to aggressive models imitated their exact behaviours, this affect greater with boys. self efficacy : extent to which we believe our actions will achieve a desired goal

Answer 23

Real world application - range of behaviours involved. people with role models who are criminals are more likely to be one Practical application -treatment- led to effective treatments for phobias Lab study - lacks ecological validity, can’t be generalised Oversimplistic - ignores biological factors

Answer 24

mindset where an individual loses personal identity and takes on identity of a social group. to free individual, more likely to behave agg, diffuse of responsibility.

Answer 25

less identifiable in a group, loss of inhibition. responsibility shared.

Answer 26

occurs when self-awareness blocked by environmental events, feel less concerned ab consequences. behave impulsively.

Answer 27

refined to public self-awareness (anonymous to others) and private self-awareness (loss of personal identity).

Answer 28

prisoners stripped of identity, rebellion in first 24 hrs. Guards' anonymity led to agg actions

Answer 29

"could do anything w/o being responsible" *answers anonymous* 36% anti-social behaviour 26% criminal acts 9% prosocial

Answer 30

Zimbardo second study- women in groups of four gave sharks ones that had their identity most likely to shock Gender bias ignores differences between men and women Zimbardo study lacks ecological validity as controlled lab experiment and artificial task

Answer 31

bc of personality traits prisoner brings with them into prison (person)

Answer 32

inmates bring crime into prison. willingness to use it inside reflects lives before.

Answer 33

studied prisoners who had negative backgrounds. importing these characteristics into prisons. compared to a control group, more likely to be involved in agg.

Answer 34

deterministic negative dispositions means little control therefore inevitable and not their fault which causes problems for justice system Alternative explanation as ignores key factors such as how the prison is run poorly managed prisons most likely to experience most violence Prisoners with Max security inmates had higher levels of assaults on prison staff, then low security

Answer 35

agg occurs bc of internal factors within prison environment (place)

Answer 36

deprivation experienced by many inmates leads to agg behaviour imposition of harsh rules, loss of independence, freedom. also effects prisoners relationships on outside causing neg emotions

Answer 37

deprivation of liberty deprivation of autonomy deprivation of goods and services deprivation of heterosexual relationships deprivation of security

Answer 38

circumstances for aggression: overcrowding, increased temp/noise

Answer 39

studied 512 prisoners. violence more common when more female staff & overcrowding

Answer 40

research support from Cunningham analyse murderers and motivations were linked to deprivations from model Practical applications changes could be made to prison environment Ineffective - Hensley allowed conjugal and saw no decrease in aggressive behaviour

Answer 41

longitudinal study of tv viewing. 100+ PTs recorded tv viewing habits. best predictor of agg was how many hrs spent watching tv not what thy watched

Answer 42

lab exp of violent film content. shown clip of role model interacting agg w bobo doll. observed & imitated agg actions.

Answer 43

lab exp on computer games. 2 groups, mortal combat/golf. TCRTT, blast white noise if get Q wrong. combat played white noise louder.

Answer 44

correlational study on violent video games. young offenders w history of violence. positive correlations found.

Answer 45

DeLisi - unable to establish cause an effect as correlational Practical applications as can release aggressive drive-through video games and decrease crime B&A - lab artificial unrealistic no fear of retaliation unlike real life Robertson - longitudinal so difficult to assess as confounding variables.

Answer 46

desensitisation disinhibition cognitive priming

Answer 47

normal circumstances: anxiety associated with agg behaviour inhibits its use. exposure to media violence removes anxiety as more acceptable. desensitised to it.

Answer 48

bushman- PT is playing violent video games only took 20 minutes longer to help someone injured in a fight and didn’t affect them emotionally as desensitised Practical applications as can focus on task at hand and ensure survival however detrimental for society as people less likely to help others Alternative explanation Safeway to release aggression without behaving aggressively in reality

Answer 49

Berkowitz - naturally agg. inhibitions to behave agg are rewarded, increases likelihood of viewer behaving in same way. most likely to occur when: perpetrator seen to be normal opportunities resemble media target is justified media minimises effects.

Answer 50

anonymity and invisibility - assured. decreased responsibility. identity obscured in some way solipsistic introjection - cognitively merged with character in game minimisation off authority - no legal consequences.

Answer 51

people who saw aggressive film gave more electric shocks for longer duration Extent to involved in media varies due to individual differences which narrows down number of people affected decrease in general liability

Answer 52

store memories of agg which are available to be retrieved later on. Huesman refers to these as scripts. when exposed to similar situation, scripts are triggered, agg behaviours available.

Answer 53

A lab confounding variables doesn’t control for individual differences difficult to establish causing effect Interventions put in place practical applications and encourage to act alternatively which is safer for everyone Aggressive and non-aggressive songs with geography words about women behave more aggressively to females