schizophrenia Flashcards

Question

evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis and neural correlates

Answer 1

Supporting research for the role of dopamine - dopamine agonist like amphetamines make SZ worse. Antipsychotic drugs reduce symptoms which reduced dopamine suggesting dopamine is involved in increasing validity. Dopamine alone is questioned as brain scanning studies found increased levels of glutamate Research into neural correlate is issue of causing effect - juckel found negative correlation Contradictory evidence on the role of drug treatments antipsychotics that affect dopamine levels don’t benefit all SZ sufferers,

Answer 2

Family dysfunction

Answer 3

Psychodynamic explanation based on SZ patient childhood experience experiences SZ mother is SZ causing Cold rejecting lead to distrust and paranoid delusions

Answer 4

Family climate important Role of communication style Child fears doing wrong thing and feels unable to comment on unfairness Child punished by withdrawal of love

Answer 5

Negative emotion towards S said person Increase verbal criticism, violence, anger, and emotion over involvement High levels of EE leads to stress and an explanation for relapse or onset of SZ

Answer 6

Focuses on the role of mental processes in SZ Dysfunctional thoughts and information processing Characterised by disruption to normal thought processing

Answer 7

identified two types of dysfunctional thought processing that could underline SZ symptoms meta representation and central control

Answer 8

The cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviours Allows us insight into our own intentions and interpret others actions Dysfunction in meta representation would disrupt our ability to recognise own thoughts This explains hallucinations of voices

Answer 9

Suppress automatic response while performing actions instead disorganise speech could be from this inability Each word triggers associations and cannot stop automatic responses to these

Answer 10

Like a validity in research if supports informal research assessment with no systematic evidence unsure of true relationship Social socially sensitive research leads apparently blaming

Answer 11

Limited at origin ignored proximal currently unclear how it leads to it only partial explanation Issue of causing effect research says dysfunctional thought process and occurs before the onset not a cause fact but maybe an effective abnormal brain functioning

Answer 12

Used since the 1950s Main drug - chloroprozamine. Tablets/syrup daily max 1000mg. Gradual increase of dosage injections Works by blocking dopamine receptors

Answer 13

clozapine: used since 1980s as a last resort. 300-450mg a day. Vines to do for me and receptors and also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors to decrease their action. risperidone: 1990s. Without clozapine’s side-effects 4 to 8 mg binds to dopamine and serotonin more effective.

Answer 14

Practical applications less time off work benefits the economy Lack of vivid in research as most studies are short-term effects only Likelihood of side-effects, dizziness, delirium blood disorder Based on original dopamine hypothesis which is problematic as ineffective for low dopamine patients Appropriate nurse is questioned as doesn’t treat the cause risk of relapse after course stopped

Answer 15

five and 20 sessions helps and identify rational thoughts and try to change them discussion of how likely believes are to be true and other less threaten possibilities helped to cope with symptoms make sense of how their delusions can affect their emotions and actions decreases anxiety normalisation also used explaining that it’s normal delusional challenge to learn not based on reality and provided with strategies to counter irrational thoughts self-distraction technique

Answer 16

CBT now recommended by NICE validity for use Questionable quality of supporting evidence as small scale studies and lack of control group so difficult to know how effective with each person unique Not a cure a management technique improves their quality of life Worth doing for patient and economy

Answer 17

Aim is to increase quality of communication and interaction between family members

Answer 18

range of strategies to improve family functioning: For a therapeutic alliance with all family members Decrease the stress of caring for a SZ relative Improving ability of the family to anticipate and solve problems Decrease of anger and guilt and family members Help family achieve balance between caring and maintaining own lives

Answer 19

phases 1&2 - share information and identify resources families can offer phases 3&4 - learn mutual understanding look at unhelpful patterns of interaction phases 5,6&7- skills, training stress managing techniques

Answer 20

Benefits the whole family Quality of support and evidence questioned as small scale and lack of control Not a cure only manageable Benefits economy

Answer 21

amount of sessions recommended Who is involved? How it works

Answer 22

Both help to manage symptoms, not cure Both benefit economy Both teach techniques

Answer 23

Reward systems to manage behaviour mason - three categories of behaviour personal care condition related to behaviour and social behaviour Tokens given after desirable behaviour swap for actual rewards based on operant conditioning

Answer 24

glowacki - identified seven studies on effectiveness and all showed a decrease in negative symptoms and decline in frequency of undesirable behaviour Evidence is limited as only found seven studies so a small evidence base Doesn’t cure only managers Benefit economy Concerns as more available for those symptoms

Answer 25

Combining antipsychotic medication and psychological therapy turkington -

Answer 26

Oversimplistic Effectiveness of combining treatment Incomplete understanding as don’t know why and how symptoms appear and how vulnerability and stress produce them

schizophrenia Flashcards

(50 cards)