AGGRESSION Flashcards
(33 cards)
1
Q
What are the two character development perspective?
A
- structural-developmental perspective
- social learning perspective
2
Q
What is moral development?
A
- the process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally
3
Q
What is the structural-development perspective?
A
- pre-conventional morality (fear of punishment, hope of rewards)
- conventional morality (conform for approval)
- post-conventional morality (principled actions)
4
Q
What is the social learning perspective?
A
- learned through reinforcement and modelling
5
Q
What are some factors influencing moral behaviour?
A
- sport environment: Influenced by coach
- motivational climate: mastery vs. performance
- team norms: standards that influence behaviour
- goal orientation: task vs. ego-orientations
6
Q
What is aggression?
A
- any overt verbal or physical act intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically
7
Q
What is violent behaviour?
A
- extreme physical aggression, with “no direct relationship to the competitive goals of sport.”
8
Q
What is assertive behaviour?
A
- forceful, vigorous, and legitimate actions with no intent to injure opponent
9
Q
Aggressive behaviour involves what four key points?
A
- behaviour (action), not emotion or feeling
- verbal or physical
- intended to physically or psychologically harm
- directed toward another living organism
10
Q
What is instrumental aggression?
A
- aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal.
- intent is to harm
- injury is impersonal and limits opponents effectiveness (i.e. bodychecking).
11
Q
What is hostile aggression?
A
- goal is to cause injury
- intent to make victim suffer
12
Q
What are some factors influencing aggression perception?
A
- against norms in sport-specific culture
- viewpoint involved in behaviour (aggressor or victim)
- outcome of act (injury?)
13
Q
What is bullying?
A
- imbalance of power between peers where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful with the intention to harm
14
Q
What is hazing?
A
- any potentially humiliating, degrading, abusive, or dangerous activity expected of individual to belong to a group, regardless of willingness to participate
15
Q
What are some psychodynamics in regards to aggression?
A
- humans are born with behavioural tendencies causing them to act in certain ways
- freud believed aggressive behaviour is innate
- purging aggression is known as catharsis
- has little support today
16
Q
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
A
- aggression is natural response to frustration
- theory has shortcomings
- revised theory: aggression can have causes than frustration and frustration can lead to behaviours other than aggression
17
Q
What are some physiological explanations for aggression?
A
- aggression is physiological in nature
- brain pathology: research indicates aggressive behaviour characteristic of people with brain tumours
- blood chemistry: aggression linked to the hormone testosterone (steroids use is one exception)
18
Q
What is the social learning theory in relation to aggression?
A
- a person is neither driven by inner forces nor controlled solely by environmental influences
- people are aggressive because they have learned that aggression pays
- the use of aggressive behaviours can lead to success
19
Q
What are the two forms of social interaction influence aggressive behaviours?
A
- modelling: Observing aggressive models and retaining tendencies
- learning: acquiring new responses due to reinforcement
20
Q
What is moral disengagement?
A
- individuals refrain from behaviours that violate their moral standards.
21
Q
When does aggression peak?
A
- during middle years (figure 6.1)
22
Q
What is the relation between physical size and aggression?
A
- height and weight positively correlate with the number of aggressive penalties
23
Q
What is deindividuation?
A
- the process occurring when an individual feels less identifiable by others
24
Q
what are some personal factors influencing aggression?
A
- passion
- athletic identity
25
What is the connection between aggression and home playing advantage?
- home teams winning 58.9% of decided games
- home teams received more aggressive penalties in games they won, while visiting teams incurred more aggressive penalties when they lost
26
What are some group factors influencing aggression?
- collective efficacy: a team’s perception of their ability to use aggressive behaviour as a tactic or strategy
- group cohesion: as teams become cohesive, they exhibit more aggressive behaviours
27
What are some consequences of aggression?
- 59% of injuries occurred because of an opponent’s aggressive act
- elevated arousal levels
- emotions associated with aggressive incidents
alteration in the individual’s arousal level
- penalization attempts to discourage this behaviour
28
What is fan identification?
- extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team
29
How can we reduce aggression in sport?
- emphasize fair play
- encourage and reward appropriate behaviours
- utilize task goal orientation instead of ego goal orientation
- punishment for aggression is more meaningful than reinforcement
30
What are some options for educational interventions to reduce aggression?
- workshops and classes for stakeholders
- teach psychological skills to help cope
- educate about anabolic steroids and consequences
31
What are some behavioural modification practices to help reduce aggression?
- assume responsibility for actions
- participate in programs designed to reduce aggressive behaviour
- work on self-awareness and develop strategies and coping skills.
32
How can we change the sporting environment to reduce aggressive behaviour?
- ban or regulate alcoholic beverages at events
- promote athletic events as family affairs
- create enjoyable experiences emphasizing fair play
33
How does media exploit aggression?
- replaying acts of aggression repeatedly
- glorifying aggression in feature stories
- promoting previous aggression between competitors to encourage attendance
