Aging

Question 1

Primary Aging

Answer 1

normal passage of time

Question 2

Secondary Aging

Answer 2

secondary to environment, disease, nutrition

Question 3

Theories of Aging
Genetic

Answer 3

cell aging is intrinsic to the cell

Question 4

Theories of Aging
Nongenetic

Answer 4

free radicals
Autoimmune

Question 5

Components of Aging
Biological

Answer 5

Changes of the various biological and physiological processes that occur with time

Question 6

Components of Aging
Chronological

Answer 6

birth dates defines ones age

Question 7

Components of Aging
Psychological

Answer 7

Changes occur over lifespan in sensory function, perception, memory, learning at various stages

Question 8

Components of Aging
Sociological

Answer 8

Changing roles within social system

Question 9

Biological Aging

Answer 9

General changes with Aging-cellular level

Some cells are meant to live a long time, some a short time. The body is always trying to achieve homeostasis.

Question 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

Protein synthesis (affects healing) and lipid metabolism may change

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Decrease in #
loss of enzyme content

Question 12

Satellite Cells

Answer 12

reduced number
less response to injury

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

• decreased blood supply
• decreased metabolism
• change in shape

Question 14

General Cellular Changes
Membrane

Answer 14

• Changes in fluidity of lipid layer

–The lipid-protein-lipid layer ratio changes

–Changes in enzymes that cross the membrane.

Question 15

what is the result of age related changes in the membrane

Answer 15

–Changes in transport, excitability, responsiveness

Question 16

Physiological Changes to muscle when aging

Answer 16

• Muscle atrophy (size and number of fibers) from age 50-70 is about 15% per decade
• Increase in adipose and fibrous tissues in muscle
• Decrease in fluid content (move less (ROM))/increased ground substance

Question 17

Osteoporosis characterized by

Answer 17

–low bone mass

–microarchitectural deterioration of bone

–susceptibility to fracture

Question 18

• Cartilage

Answer 18

–Dehydration and calcification

Question 19

Joint Fluids

Answer 19

decrease in volume

Question 20

joint surfaces

Answer 20

uneven surfaces, joint osteophytes

Question 21

Tendons and Ligaments

Answer 21

–Decreased elastin, more brittle

–Collagen- protein bonds become difficult to break

–Increased passive tension/decreased ROM

Question 22

Overall Results of Changes to MS System

Answer 22

• 1. Hypokinesis
• 2. Postural changes
• 3. Decreased gait

Question 23

Remodeling leads to denervation muscle atrophy which, magnified by reduced physical activity, progressively reduces

Answer 23

muscle cross section, mass, and function

Question 25

Lose more type II fibers overall.  Lose these due to

Answer 25

aging and health related issues such as CHF, DM, CA

Question 26

Type I fibers are more susceptible to

Answer 26

inactivity and denervation-induced atrophy

Question 27

- Neuromuscular Junction Aging causes a reduction in the number of dihydropyridine receptors which are needed for

Answer 27

CA release at the sacroplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Neuromuscular Junction Disruption or uncoupling of this process may result in reduced

Answer 28

muscle fiber activation, force generation, and lower whole muscle strength

Question 29

Men and women attain highest strength levels between ages

Answer 29

20 to 40 (when muscle cross-sectional area is largest)

Question 30

Concentric strength declines

Answer 30

slowly at first and then more rapidly after middle age

Question 31

Eccentric strength declines

Answer 31

at a later age and progresses more slowly than concentric strength

Question 32

Arm strength deteriorates

Answer 32

more slowly than leg strength

Question 33

Which declines first power or strength>

Answer 33

power