Agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 1

low scorers conscientiousness

Answer 1

late, change plans

Question 2

high scorers conscientiousness

Answer 2

stick to routine, self-discipline, punctual

Question 3

high scorers for A

Answer 3

Attend to needs of
others

Question 4

low scorers for A

Answer 4

Fight with others,
don’t care what
others think

Question 5

examples of A and C as one dimension

Answer 5

Eysenck’s psychoticism
Tellegen’s constraint
association with ASPD

Question 6

A and C related to antisocial behaviour

Answer 6

c- you think deliberately
a - you attend to the suffering of others
danger occurs when both are low

Question 7

how did Dam et al measure trait agression

Answer 7

259 men across a broad continuum of trait aggression’
Personality inventory and agression questionnaire
low in A and C and high in neuroticism - high risk of exhibiting aggressive behaviour

Question 8

correlates of A and C

Answer 8

addictions predicted by c but not a
high a predicts harmonious relationships and social support

Question 9

correlates of c but not a

Answer 9

-job performance
-academic performance
-physical health and life expectancy

Question 10

how did Piedmont et al investigate athletic performance

Answer 10

athletes complete five factor measure
coaches rated several performance dimensions and stats collected

Question 11

Piedmont et al findings

Answer 11

neuroticism and C explained 23% of variance in coaches’ ratings
c sole predictor of game stats

Question 12

benefits of increasing conscientiousness

Answer 12

attention to long term fitness, life expectancy and social qualities

Question 13

costs of increasing c

Answer 13

missing of immediate fitness gains, obsessionality, rigidity

Question 14

correlates of c

Answer 14

healthy behaviours
increased life expectancy
strict moral principles
perfectionism
adherence to rules
fewer short term mating episodes

Question 15

correlates of a

Answer 15

harmonious relationships
tom
avoiding conflict
excessive attention to others needs
excessive trust

Question 16

benefits on increasing a

Answer 16

attention to mental states of others
harmonious relationships
valued partners

Question 17

costs of increasing a

Answer 17

subject to social cheating
failure to maximise selfish advantage

Question 18

Asahi response inhibition

Answer 18

Go/No go task and fMRI
areas of right frontal cortex more active on no go trials than go trials

Question 19

Asahi et al correlational findings

Answer 19

stronger response in the right DLPFC during the no go trials, the less impulsive people self rated themselves

Question 20

why may low c be equivelated to impulsivity

Answer 20

lack of perserverance
lack of premeditation
urgency
sensation seeking

Question 21

DeYoung findings for neurobiological mechanism of C

Answer 21

covaried with volume in lateral prefrontal cortex - region in planning and control of behaviour

Question 22

evidence for c as its own mechanism

Answer 22

DLPFC is most often associated with working memory
working memory relates to IQ
both are unrelated to C

Question 23

how may multicomponent behaviours relate to C

Answer 23

occur when people need to interrupt and chain different mechanisms to achieve a task goal

Question 24

two strategies to approach multicomponent behaviours

Answer 24

parallel strategy - process two actions at once
serial strategy - process actions in a step-by-step fashion

Question 25

best strategy for multi-component behaviour

Answer 25

step-by-step - overlapping strategy results in prolonged response times

Question 26

what is required for step-by-step processing

Answer 26

top down behavioural control of a person's actions

Question 27

c and multicomponent behaviour

Answer 27

being able to flexibly adjust the priority if multiple response steps - may be related to resisting distractions found to be selectively affected by c

Question 28

Rueter et al investivagation into C and the goal priority network

Answer 28

functional connectivity analysis in fMRI synchrony with components that overlapped with goal priority network was significantly associated with c

Question 29

regions of the goal priority network

Answer 29

anterior insula dorsal anterior cingulate cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 30

what is the main psych mechanism for a

Answer 30

TOM (mentalisation of others)

Question 31

correlates of a

Answer 31

positively correlated with social competence and cooperativeness negatively correlated with aggressive tendencies

Question 32

how is TOM measured

Answer 32

false-belief tasks

Question 33

how is perceptual TOM measured

Answer 33

reading mind in the eyes task

Question 34

how is cognitive TOM measured

Answer 34

persepctive taking and memory capacity tasks

Question 35

findings of a and TOM (Nettle and Liddle)

Answer 35

good correlation between A and social-cognitive TOM no correlation between A and reading mind in the eyes

Question 36

how may maniputlation and TOM be related

Answer 36

ability to effectively lie with more advanced TOM TOM training can induce lying in previously honest preschoolers

Question 37

how was a and social cognitive ability investigated

Answer 37

displays of triangles of random movement vs human-like movement slef reports of a

Question 38

findings of social cognitive ability and a

Answer 38

default network system was greater for social vs random animations -predicted better performance on social cognition tasks and higher a

Question 39

what is the difference between affective and cognitive empathy

Answer 39

affective = empathetically share other's affects cognitive = perspective taking - understanding others goals and motives

Question 40

explain the qualitative appraisal of empathy

Answer 40

1. notice another's feelings 2. correctly interperting another's feelings 3. finding empathy

Question 41

what is the difference between empathy and compassion

Answer 41

emapthy = self-related emotions often related to negative emotions compassion = other-related emotion and linked to positive emotions e.g. prosocial behaviours

Question 42

brain areas for empathy

Answer 42

insula and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 43

brain areas for compassion

Answer 43

reward systems - OFC and striatum

Question 44

evidence of TOM and empathy as independent

Answer 44

- TOM impairments for autistic individuals but empathy preserved - aggresive criminals show empathy deficits without TOM deficits

Question 45

Winter et al - TOM/EMPATHY investigation

Answer 45

social video task agressive patients showed reduced empathetic responses to emotional videos

Question 46

neural correlates for compassionn

Answer 46

overlapping activation for empathy and compassion unique activity in ventral striatum for compassion but not empathy