Extraversion and neuroticism part 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is intra-cranial self-stimulation
animal such as rat has electrode placed in brain area (reward system)
ability to press lever to stimulate
how is dopamine involved in reward
nucleus accumbens - brain area where rats have stimulation release in neurotransmitters
dopamine is related to any behaviour that involves seeking a reward
evidence from drugs of reward
stimulates dopimanergic system
may be at the extent of other bodily activities
what are the two pathways involved in reward processing
mesolimbic
mesocortical
what is the mesolimbic pathway
DA from the VTA to the n.ACC
what is the mesocortical pathway
DA from the VTA to the PFC
how has human brain imaging been found to be related to reward
activity in n.Acc is higher for large rewards over small rewards
how were individual differences found for human brain imaging for reward
ppts ask to self-report happiness in relation to reward cues
correlated responses were correlated with the size of the response observed in the midbrain reward areas
how was the relationship between extraversion and the reward system investigated
monetary gain trials
given a cue with certain amount of money
anticipation phase - wait for target to appear
task is to press button as soon as the target appears
investigated if there would be midbrain activation during anticipation and receiving
what was found for positive arousal (high extraversion)
when ppts were anticipating large gains - N.Acc activity correlated significantly to the trait of extraversion
what was found for neuroticism
anticipation of funds - did not correlate with trait of neuroticism
what do these results suggest
mechanism for potential double dissociation
how is extraversion related to the OFC
correlations of extraversion and high volume in OFC
what are potential caveats of extraversion linked to reward processing
dopaminergic system - not necessarily for “feel-good” (reward processing can be abused
how was the monetary loss trial changed for neuroticism
change of gain cue to loss cue
(if they do not respond in time they will lose money)
what was found about the anterior insula for neuroticism in monetary trials
when anticipating losses - right interior insula acitivity for high neuroticism
was not found for high extraversion
what is the limbic system
Includes the amygdala
involved in the initiation of emotional activity and regulation
affects sympathetic activity
(fight or flight response)
how may the process of the limbic system work
stressful event
amygdala interprets the incoming emotional info
sends distress signal to the hypothalamus (acts as a command centre)
what is the role of the amygdala
experience and processing of emotion
emotional memory
primary structure in the fight or flight response
how may neuroticism be related to neuroticism
findings showed a close relationship between psychiatric symptoms and an exaggerated amygdala response to emotional material
how was neuroticism directly investigated with the amygdala (Holmes et al)
1050 young adults with no history of a psychiatric disorder
completed personality questionnaires
brain scans
Holmes et al findings
higher on the trait of neuroticism correlated with higher left amygdala volume
