Agricultural Mechanization

Question 1

a system of production of food and fiber that embraces
the use of tools, implement and machines for agricultural land development, production,
harvesting, and on-farm processing

Answer 1

Agricultural mechanization

Question 2

As a discipline, _ _ covers the manufacture,
distribution, and utilization of tools, implements, and machines.

Answer 2

agricultural mechanization

Question 3

the application of animal and machine power to
multiply man’s ability to perform production operations.

Answer 3

Agricultural mechanization

Question 4

Levels of agricultural mechanization:
simplest and most basic level; use pf tools and simple
implements powered by human muscle.

Answer 4

Hand tool technology

Question 5

Levels of agricultural mechanization:
implements and machines utilizing animal muscle as
the power source.

Answer 5

Draft animal technology

Question 6

Levels of agricultural mechanization:
most sophisticated level; agricultural machinery
powered by mechanical or non-animate sources.

Answer 6

Mechanical power technology

Question 7

Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
present paddy size is most efficient for animal and man
farming operations but not for mechanized operations; energy available has limited such
size; that’s why large landownership resulted in tenant system

Answer 7

In farm size and layout

Question 8

Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
mechanization overcomes peak energy
requirements to permit a second crop or next crop immediately following the previous
crop, hence increasing cropping intensity

Answer 8

In farm practices and crops grown

Question 9

Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
mechanization is based solely on cash exchange which is true in
any industry that makes use of power.

Answer 9

In social systems

Question 10

refers to the tools, implements, and equipment manufactured and
used for field operations to effect land preparation, including land clearing and land forming,
crop establishment, crop care and maintenance, and crop harvest and processing as well as
to those for the establishment, care and maintenance of poultry, livestock, and aquaculture

Answer 10

Agricultural machinery

Question 11

grouping together of small parcels of land comprising a
contiguous area and reforming the boundaries for the purpose of effecting suitable field shapes and sizes conducive to efficient operation of agricultural machinery, building access
roads, field irrigation and drainage canals as well as allotting spaces for crop postharvest
processing structures

Answer 11

Land consolidation

Question 12

The initial steps in planning for land consolidation consist of
_ _ and determining the _ of the _ _ (requiring an
agricultural engineer’s professional work).

Answer 12

topographic surveys, layout, required infrastructures

Question 13

the grouping together of farms in an area (initially forming a
minimum of 50-ha cluster) for synchronized farming operations from land preparation to
harvesting in cooperation or contract with agricultural mechanized operations service
providers for the purpose of making field operations efficient and thus, effect low cost,
timely, and professional or high quality services to the benefit also of the farmers forming the
cluster.

Answer 13

Farmland clustering

Question 14

Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
with moldboard plow and comb-tooth harrow (suyod) as standard implements – riding type as in Nueva Ecija; pedestrian
type elsewhere

Answer 14

Power tiller or hand tractor or two-wheel tractor

Question 15

Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
hydrotiller in Laguna or turtle power tiller in
Iloilo and elsewhere in Visayas and Mindanao

Answer 15

Rotary tiller or floating power tiller

Question 16

Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
with single cylinder engine – for shallow tubewell pumping

Answer 16

Centrifugal water pump

Question 17

Machinery for rice production in the Philippines : popular nationwide and in Asia with adaptive designs

Answer 17

Axial-flow thresher

Question 18

is the time that would be required to finish a field operation
at the theoretical field capacity; it is the reciprocal of theoretical field capacity.

Answer 18

Theoretical time per hectare

Question 19

is the percentage of effectiveness of performance of a machine as
for example the recovery of grain in a thresher or the degree of soil inversion of a plow as
expected in the design under the operating conditions.

Answer 19

Performance efficiency

Question 20

is the time spent for actual performance of the machine; that is,
adding time spent to make up for time spent for strips of land not covered by the full width
of the machine; effective operating time will be longer than the theoretical time if such is the
case.

Answer 20

Effective operating time

Question 21

is the ratio of effective field capacity to theoretical field capacity, expressed
as percent. It is also the ratio of the theoretical time to the total time actually spent including
those for losses that are proportional to area and those that are not proportional to area.

Answer 21

Field efficiency

Question 22

_ of soil on a tillage tool is the ease of movement of the furrow slice to slide over
the moldboard, disk, chisel, cultivator, or furrower surface with minimal adhesion of the soil to that surface on account of the soil moisture content falling within the friable phase and on
account of the low coefficient of soil-metal friction, coefficient of soil-soil friction, angle of
approach of the tool, soil cohesion and soil adhesion.

Answer 22

Scouring

Question 23

will occur when the soil-tool
interface frictional resistance is less than the parallel soil-soil interface resistance.

Answer 23

Scouring

Question 24

_ in a tillage tool is a small blade, spatula, or curved plate that is designed to remove
any soil sticking on tool surface such as on the disk plow face or disk harrow blades. In the
animal-drawn plow it is in the form of a thin spatula which is conveniently tucked on the
extension of the plow standard for manually scraping the soil sticking on the moldboard
when needed.

Answer 24

scraper

Question 25

consists of a front gang of disks with disk angle and disk concave face causing the soil to be moved to the right (left) for a right (left)-hand offset and the rear gang causing the soil to be moved to the left (right) for a left-hand offset.

Answer 25

Offset disk harrow

Question 26

is the rear furrow wheel that bears against the furrow wall to counteract the parasitic forces that produce a torque tending to rotate the tail end of the plow towards the direction of the land and tending to steer the front end of the tractor towards the plowed portion.

Answer 26

Equivalent of landside in a tractor operated disk plow

Question 27

the planting of crops where the rows and hills within the rows are aligned in perpendicular, diagonal, and other angular directions.

Answer 27

Checkrow planting

Question 28

the placement of a single seed in a hill within the row at a uniform depth and at a uniform environment for germination of each seed.

Answer 28

Precision planting

Question 29

is the planting of rice seeds on dry land or on saturated soil without covering the seed with water or mud.

Answer 29

Aerobic seeding of rice

Question 30

_ _ of rice is similar to aerobic seeding except that it is carried out on land that has not been puddled or is prepared mostly during the dry weather just like one for upland crops.

Answer 30

Dryland seeding

Question 31

includes all plant material entering the combine or fed into the thresher except the grain or seed.

Answer 31

. Non-grain material

Question 32

is the ratio of the grain mass to the mass of non-grain material.

Answer 32

Grain/non-grain ratio

Question 33

is the rate at which non-grain material is delivered to the cylinder by the header of the combine or by manual feeding in the case of the thresher.

Answer 33

The non-grain feed rate

Question 34

is the rate, in kg grain per unit time, at which grain or seed is delivered to the threshing cylinder by the combine header or by the manual feeder in the axial-flow thresher.

Answer 34

Grain feed rate

Question 35

is the sum of the non-grain feed rate and the grain feed rate

Answer 35

Total feed rate

Question 36

includes grain lost during cutting the stalks by means of sickle, grain lost when gathering the material to form into sheaves, grain lost during manual transport of the sheaves to the large stack, and grain lost in retrieving material from the stack to convey it to the threshing tray. In the combine, the gathering loss consists of grain or seed lost during cutting and conveying operations to the threshing mechanism.

Answer 36

Gathering and pre-threshing losses in manual harvesting and mechanized threshing

Question 37

in a combine consists of unthreshed grain coming out from the straw rack or in the cleaning shoe

Answer 37

Cylinder loss

Question 38

is threshed grain or seed that are included in the straw and discharged from the rear of the machine.

Answer 38

Walker loss

Question 39

is threshed seed or grain discharge over the rear of the cleaning shoe.

Answer 39

Shoe loss

Question 40

consist of unthreshed grains and the panicle materials to which they are attached.

Answer 40

Tailings

Question 41

Three types of threshing cylinders are :

Answer 41

peg-tooth or spike-tooth, wire loop, and rasp-bar

Question 42

are common in head feed cylinders such as those used in pedal threshers and Japanese threshers and combines where the straw is saved from being crushed between the concave and cylinder to make it usable for rope or other purposes.

Answer 42

Wire loop teeth

Question 43

Three types of threshing action in throw-in feeding of threshing material according to the direction of the material inside the threshing unit are:

Answer 43

a. Tangential or cross-flow b. Axial flow c. Radial flow

Question 44

where the material is fed on one side of the threshing cylinder and discharged tangentially at the opposite side after passing between the cylinder and concave grate;

Answer 44

Tangential or cross-flow

Question 45

where the material is fed at one end of the cylinder and by combined threshing and conveying actions of the peg teeth, concave grate, and spiral deflector attached to the cylinder cover, the material is conveyed spirally around the cylinder and the crushed straw with minimal amount of free and unthreshed palay (if palay is not wet) is discharged by a paddle wheel at the other end of the cylinder.

Answer 45

Axial flow

Question 46

This type of threshing present problems of clogging and much grain loss with the straw when the palay is wet as is often the case during the rainy season. Gleaners do their part in recovering the grain;

Answer 46

Axial flow

Question 47

For shattering resistant rice varieties, separation can only be about _% and re-feeding will be necessary

Answer 47

60%

Question 48

w where the material is usually hand held by four operators and the threshed grain travels radially inside a rotating threshing conical table with wire loops. This principle has not gained popular use.

Answer 48

Radial flow

Question 49

The optimum range of moisture content of palay for harvesting is

Answer 49

21 to 24%.

Question 50

r has peg or spike teeth cylinder as the pegs do efficient separation of the grains from the attachment by impact and rubbing action of the pegs or spikes as the material pass between them and the concave grate

Answer 50

Axial flow thresher

Question 51

Self-propelled Japanese combine has _ teeth because the palay is head-fed or the rice stalks are held or clamped by a pair of spring-loaded sprocket chains with triangular teeth while being conveyed axially along the cylinder. In this way, the straw is not crushed for some other use or purpose such as rope for mat-making.

Answer 51

wire-loop

Question 52

the popular Japanese rice variety; is resistant to shattering

Answer 52

Koshihikari

Question 53

Rice stripper-gatherer has _ _teeth that have keyhole shape at the base for efficient combing and stripping actions

Answer 53

hard-rubber stripping

Question 54

Corn combine has _ _ _ but has concave grate for effective corn shelling at high rate

Answer 54

rasp bar cylinder

Question 55

Formula for Draft at speed

Answer 55

Ds=Do+KS^2 Where: Ds = draft at speed, S Do = static component of draft, independent of speed S = forward speed K = a constant whose value is related to implement type and design and to soil conditions

Question 56

It is one of the types of moldboards that arelong and low with gradual twist or spiral and often with extension to effect maximum soil inversion to cover trash.

Answer 56

Sod type moldboards

Question 57

a type of moldboard that is short and broad with abrupt curvature near the top, thus effecting soil breakup

Answer 57

Stubble type moldboard

Question 58

has curvature, height, and length between the stubble and the sod types suitable for wide range of soil conditions. Some moldboards are slatted to deal with sticky soils that present problems of scouring

Answer 58

General-purpose type moldboard

Question 59

In a plow disk, it is the angle between the horizontal diameter of the disk face and the direction of travel and is normally 42o to 45o.

Answer 59

Disk angle

Question 60

In a plow disk, it is the angle that the disk is tilted backward from the vertical usually at an angle from 15o to 25o.

Answer 60

Tilt angle

Question 61

consists of a series of large-diameter disks (61 to 71 cm) mounted individually and inclined on a frame supported by a rear furrow wheel if plow is mounted type or wheels if semi-mounted or pulled type

Answer 61

The standard disk plow

Question 62

locally known as harrow plow, has smaller diameter (51 to 61 cm) disks and plows shallower than the standard disk plow. The disks are mounted with uniform spacing along a common axle or gang bolt and clamped together with spacer spools. The gang of disks rotates as a unit like a disk harrow gang. The tilt angle is zero or the disk faces are vertically oriented. However, the disks have a common disk angle which is the angle of the gang from the direction of travel.

Answer 62

The vertical disk plow

Question 63

the reciprocal of the radius of curvature of the disk = 1/r, where r is the radius of curvature of the disk. Thus, the less the concavity the larger is the radius of curvature.

Answer 63

Concavity of a disk

Question 64

has two opposed gangs of disk blades both throw the soil outward from the center of the tilled strip

Answer 64

Single-acting disk harrow

Question 65

Tandem disk harrow has two additional single-acting gangs of disk blades behind the front gangs but throw the soil inward toward the center of the tilled strip thus, producing a somewhat level field.

Question 66

has two opposed gangs on in front which throws the soil outward and one at the rear, which throws the soil inward. The line of pull is offset from the center of gravity.

Answer 66

Offset disk harrow

Question 67

In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil: a. Depth of placement

Answer 67

2 - 3 cm from the soil surface

Question 68

In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil: Soil compaction

Answer 68

soil on top of seed is loose; soil around seed is pressed; and soil at bottom of seed slightly compacted

Question 69

In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil: Fertilizer placement

Answer 69

5 cm to the side and 5 cm deep

Question 70

type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting: – seed or plant placed at bottom of furrow

Answer 70

Furrow planting

Question 71

type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting: seed or plant placed on flat or level surface

Answer 71

Flat planting

Question 72

type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting: one row is planted on the ridge of the furrow

Answer 72

Bed planting

Question 73

type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting: two or more rows are planted on the broad bed top.

Answer 73

Broad bed planting

Question 74

type of furrow openers: – for depth of penetration and cutting trash as in grain drills

Answer 74

Single disk

Question 75

type of furrow openers: for medium and shallow seeding where depth control is critical and made possible with removable depth bands

Answer 75

Double disk

Question 76

type of furrow openers: for medium depths in trash-free soil

Answer 76

Full or curved runner

Question 77

type of furrow openers: for rough and trashy ground

Answer 77

Stub runner

Question 78

type of furrow openers: for stony and root infested soils

Answer 78

Hoe

Question 79

The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines: – a rotating edge-drop horizontal plate with spring-loaded cut-off device that rides on top of the plate and wipes off excess seeds as the cells move beneath it; a spring-loaded knock out pawl pushes the seeds from the cells when they are over the seed tube.

Answer 79

Tractor-mounted corn planter (Ford)

Question 80

The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines: – Fluted wheel

Answer 80

Tractor-drawn grain drill (IH McCormick)

Question 81

The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines: – Fixed row of orifices

Answer 81

Manually pulled rice drum seeder (IRRI-designed)

Question 82

The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines: – Fixed orifice or stationary-opening with agitator driven by ground wheel

Answer 82

Vegetable seeder (Planet Jr.)

Question 83

Two types of hitch linkages of 4-wheel tractors: – employed mostly for front-mounted cultivators where raising and lowering of the gang or tool bar result in equal changes in the depths of all shovels and does not change the pitch of the shovels

Answer 83

Parallel-link hitches

Question 84

Two types of hitch linkages of 4-wheel tractors: – rear-mounted with 4 categories with dimensions corresponding to the different ranges of maximum drawbar power.

Answer 84

Three-point hitch converging link type

Question 85

– a type of restrained link system in which the depth is automatically adjusted to maintain a pre-selected, constant draft.

Answer 85

Automatic draft control

Question 86

is a fixed cost if the machine life is determined by obsolescence or if the machine is assumed to have a life span or fully depreciated before it wears out. However, if it is based on operating time before it wears out, then depreciation is a considered a variable cost.

Answer 86

Depreciation

Question 87

Items to consider in cost analysis: is estimated arbitrarily by estimate of years to obsolescence or years to wear out or becomes uneconomically repairable. The lesser value is to be used

Answer 87

Machine life

Question 88

Items to consider in cost analysis: should reflect the prevailing interest rates. The interest cost reflects the opportunities foregone for other financial investment with that money because it has been tied up in the purchase of the machine

Answer 88

Interest on investment

Question 89

are important considerations but normally when a machine has been purchased the cost include taxes already. In only some cases where necessary, like in the case of expensive tractors and combines working in security sensitive will the machine be insured against damage or sabotage. However, cost of housing the machine such as shed for protection from the elements and security as well, is to be included

Answer 89

Taxes, insurance, and shelter

Question 90

Items to consider in cost analysis: are at best estimated unless there is a historical record of similar machines from the same manufacturer from which data on repairs can be taken. Otherwise, repair cost is estimated as 15% of the initial cost

Answer 90

Repairs and maintenance

Question 91

Items to consider in cost analysis: can be substantial operational cost. Fuels and lubricant costs are very volatile and fluctuate according to the cost of crude oil in the world market and the exchange rate of the peso. Historical records of fuel consumption, repair, and maintenance costs for similar brand engines and applications can be helpful in making estimates.

Answer 91

Fuels, lubricants, and miscellaneous supplies

Question 92

Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows Category I – is?

Answer 92

15 to 35 kW (20 to 45 hp)

Question 93

Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows Category _– 30 to 75 kW (40 to 100 hp)

Answer 93

II

Question 94

Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows Category _ – 60 to 168 kW (80 to 225 hp)

Answer 94

III