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Basics TL > Airway Anatomy Handout 5 > Flashcards

Airway Anatomy Handout 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are intrinsic muscles?

A

Intrinsic muscles include the Cricothyroid, Vocalis, Thyroarytenoid, Lateral Cricoarytenoid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid, Aryepiglottic, and Interarytenoid. They are responsible for vocal cord tension, length, and position.

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2
Q

Which intrinsic muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

The cricothyroid muscle is unique among intrinsic muscles as it is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve.

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3
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic muscles include the sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles. They primarily function to move the larynx as a whole, especially during swallowing.

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4
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle - Function

A

Tenses and elongates the vocal cords by tilting the thyroid cartilage.

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5
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle - Innervation

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

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6
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle - Clinical significance

A

Its unique innervation makes it susceptible to different injuries compared to other intrinsic muscles.

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7
Q

Vocalis Muscle - Function

A

Adjusts tension in vocal cords, crucial for fine control of pitch.

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8
Q

Vocalis Muscle - Innervation

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Cricothyroid Muscle?

A

Tenses and elongates the vocal cords by tilting the thyroid cartilage.

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10
Q

What innervates the Cricothyroid Muscle?

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Cricothyroid Muscle?

A

Its unique innervation makes it susceptible to different injuries compared to other intrinsic muscles.

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12
Q

What is the Thyroarytenoid Muscle?

A

Lies parallel to the vocal cords.

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13
Q

What is the function of the Thyroarytenoid Muscle?

A

Relaxes and shortens vocal cords, aiding in voice modulation.

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14
Q

What innervates the Thyroarytenoid Muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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15
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Adducts vocal cords, narrows the rima glottidis.

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Important in producing vocal sounds and airway protection.

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18
Q

What is the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

The only abductor muscle of the vocal cords.

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19
Q

What is the function of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Opens the vocal cords, widening the rima glottidis.

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20
Q

What innervates the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle?

A

Crucial for breathing; its dysfunction can lead to vocal cord paralysis.

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22
Q

What is the Aryepiglottic Muscle?

A

Located in the aryepiglottic folds.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Aryepiglottic Muscle?

A

Helps close the larynx during swallowing.

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24
Q

What innervates the Aryepiglottic Muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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25
What is the clinical significance of the Aryepiglottic Muscle?
Assists in airway protection against aspiration.
26
What is the Interarytenoid Muscle comprised of?
The Interarytenoid Muscle is comprised of transverse and oblique parts.
27
What is the function of the Interarytenoid Muscle?
The function of the Interarytenoid Muscle is to adduct arytenoid cartilages, contributing to vocal cord closure.
28
What is the innervation of the Interarytenoid Muscle?
The innervation of the Interarytenoid Muscle is the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
29
What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
The Thyroid Cartilage, commonly known as the 'Adam's apple.' ## Footnote It is shield-like, with two laminae joining at an angle in the front and is unpaired.
30
What is the function of the Thyroid Cartilage?
It provides protection to vocal cords and laryngeal structures.
31
Where is the Cricoid Cartilage located?
It is located below the thyroid cartilage. ## Footnote It is ring-like, broader at the back than the front and is unpaired.
32
What is the function of the Cricoid Cartilage?
It forms the base of the larynx and provides attachment for other cartilages and muscles.
33
What are Arytenoid Cartilages?
Small, pyramid-shaped cartilages that are paired and situated at the top of the cricoid cartilage.
34
What is the function of Arytenoid Cartilages?
Critical in vocal cord movement and voice production.
35
What are Cuneiform Cartilages?
Small, elongated cartilages that are paired and located within the aryepiglottic folds.
36
What is the function of Cuneiform Cartilages?
Provide support and stiffen the aryepiglottic folds.
37
What are Corniculate Cartilages?
Small, horn-shaped cartilages that are paired and situated on the apex of the arytenoid cartilages.
38
What is the function of Corniculate Cartilages?
Support the aryepiglottic folds and aid in the closing of the larynx during swallowing.
39
What is the Trigeminal Nerve?
The Trigeminal Nerve is Cranial Nerve V.
40
What areas does the Trigeminal Nerve innervate?
It innervates the anterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity and nasal septum.
41
What sensation does the Trigeminal Nerve provide?
It provides sensation to the anterior part of the nasal mucosa and the soft palate.
42
Which divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve contribute to mouth and tongue innervation?
The maxillary and mandibular divisions contribute to the innervation of the mouth and anterior tongue.
43
What is the primary function of the Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)?
It is primarily a motor nerve for facial expressions.
44
What sensation does the Facial Nerve contribute to?
It contributes to the taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
45
What bodily functions is the Facial Nerve involved in?
It is involved in the secretion of saliva and tears, indirectly affecting the upper airway.
46
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)?
Provides sensory innervation to the posterior third of the tongue, tonsils, pharynx, and middle ear. ## Footnote Important for the gag reflex and carries taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue.
47
What is the function of the Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)?
Provides sensory and motor innervation to most of the larynx and pharynx. ## Footnote The superior laryngeal nerve innervates the supraglottic area, while the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the infraglottic larynx. Essential for cough and laryngeal reflexes.
48
What does the internal branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve provide?
Sensory innervation to the larynx above the vocal cords, including the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds.
49
What does the external branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve supply?
Motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle, which tenses and elongates the vocal cords.
50
What is the clinical significance of injury to the Superior Laryngeal Nerve?
Injury can lead to changes in voice pitch and difficulty in swallowing.
51
What is the pathway of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve on the left side?
It loops around the aortic arch.
52
What is the pathway of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve on the right side?
It loops around the subclavian artery.
53
What muscles does the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve provide motor innervation to?
It provides motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle.
54
What type of sensory innervation does the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve supply?
It supplies sensory innervation to the larynx below the vocal cords.
55
What are the clinical implications of injury to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve?
Injury can lead to vocal cord paralysis and changes in voice quality.
56
Why is the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve important?
It is important for the cough reflex and protecting the airway against aspiration.
57
What causes unilateral vocal cord paralysis?
Damage to one recurrent laryngeal nerve, which could be due to surgical trauma, tumors, or other medical conditions.
58
What are the symptoms of unilateral vocal cord paralysis?
- Hoarseness or a breathy voice. - Ineffective cough, as the paralyzed cord cannot fully close the airway. - Aspiration risk due to inadequate closure of the larynx during swallowing.
59
How is unilateral vocal cord paralysis managed?
- Voice therapy, surgical interventions like medialization thyroplasty, or injection laryngoplasty to improve voice and airway protection.
60
What are the causes of Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis?
Damage to both recurrent laryngeal nerves; more rare, often associated with more extensive surgical procedures or systemic diseases.
61
What are the symptoms of Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis?
- Significant airway compromise due to inability of the vocal cords to abduct during breathing. - Voice changes are less pronounced than in unilateral paralysis, as the cords are often symmetrically positioned.
62
What is the management for Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis?
- May require immediate airway intervention, such as tracheostomy, to secure the airway. - Long-term management includes potential surgical procedures to widen the airway while preserving voice and swallowing functions.
63
What is Grade I in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
Full view of the glottis.
64
What is Grade II in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
Partial view of the glottis.
65
What is Grade IIa in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
The posterior part of the glottis is visible.
66
What is Grade IIb in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
Only the anterior part of the glottis is visible.
67
What is Grade III in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
Only the epiglottis is visible, not the glottis.
68
What is Grade IV in the Cormack-Lehane Score?
Neither the glottis nor the epiglottis can be seen.
69
What is Awake Intubation?
Awake intubation is a technique used for patients with anticipated difficult airways.
70
What are some anatomical abnormalities that indicate an anticipated difficult airway?
Limited neck mobility and a large tongue are examples of anatomical abnormalities.
71
What history might indicate an anticipated difficult airway?
A history of difficult intubation or poor airway visualization, such as a Mallampati score of 3 or 4.
72
What pathological conditions can affect the airway?
Tumors, abscesses, and trauma are pathological conditions that can affect the airway.
73
What are the risks of aspiration in awake intubation?
Patients with a full stomach, GERD, or bowel obstruction are at risk of aspiration.
74
In what situations is the fasting status of a patient unknown?
Emergency situations where fasting status cannot be ensured.
75
What respiratory conditions may complicate awake intubation?
Severe respiratory diseases like COPD or severe asthma where spontaneous breathing is essential.
76
What should be considered regarding patient cooperation?
The patient must be cooperative and able to understand the procedure.
77
What is required before performing awake intubation?
Informed consent should be obtained after explaining the risks and benefits.
78
What equipment is commonly used for awake intubation?
A fiberoptic bronchoscope is commonly used for visual guidance.
79
What should be prepared for in case of failure during awake intubation?
Preparation for alternate airway management techniques should be in place.

Basics TL (57 decks)

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