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Physiology > Airway & Thorax > Flashcards

Airway & Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two openings where air enters the body?

A 
external nares (nostrils)
oral cavity
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2
Q

what is just posterior to the external nares?

A

nasal septum that separate the right/left nostrils

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3
Q

What is found on the nasal walls and it’s function and it’s three parts?

A

nasal conchae.
superior/middle/inferior terminal conchae
moistens the air and increases the outside air to body temperature by increasing the surface area.

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4
Q

Posterior to the nasal cavity is the what region?

A

nasal pharnyx

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5
Q

In the Oral cavity is the large organ what?

A

the muscular tongue

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6
Q

What two bones make up the roof of the mouth? aka as what together?

A

Maxilla and Palantine bone. Hard palate.

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7
Q

What is the after posterior to the hard palate? and what is it made up of?

A

soft palate

elastic cartilaginous structure

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8
Q

What is the region posterior to the oral cavity called?

A

Oral pharynx

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9
Q

During deglutition the soft palate will do what?

A

rise up and close up the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Inferior to the oral pharynx is what?

A

pharynx proper

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11
Q

What is the pharynx proper?

A

where both nasal and oral pharynx will meet at the pharynx

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12
Q

What musculature do you see posterior to the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal constrictors

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Vagus nerve

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14
Q

what is inferior to the pharynx?

A

larynx

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15
Q

what is the cartilage that separates the larynx from the esophagus?

A

epligottis

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16
Q

When does the epiglottis dive down and close off the larynx?

A

during deglutition (swallowing of bolus)

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17
Q

Following the larynx downwards past the vocal folds is what?

A

the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?

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18
Q

what is unique about the first cricoid cartilage?

A

it’s a complete ring and it’s significantly larger and thicker

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19
Q

the lower cricoid rings as it goes lower becomes what?

A

thinner as it goes deeper into the airway

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20
Q

Once the cricoid rings enter the lung what happens?

A

no more cartilage left in the lung

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21
Q

What region is entered once we dive deep into the airway?

A

thoracic region

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22
Q

What is the superior opening entering the thorax called?

A

superior thoracic apertures

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23
Q

What structures surround the superior thoracic aperture?

A

manubrium of the sternum
clavicle
1st rib
T1 vertebrae

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24
Q

What structures exits the superior thoracic aperture?

A

common carotid artery
vertebral artery
subclavian artery
trachea

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25
Q

what structures enter the superior thoracic aperture?

A 
Internal jugular vein
esophagus
trachea
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
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26
Q

Eventually inferiorly the trachea will do what?

A

bifricate

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27
Q

What is the first branching of the trachea?

A

Left and Right Primary bronchus

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28
Q

The inferior aspect of bifrication is laden with thickened cartilage called what?

A

Carina

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29
Q

What is the orientation of the primary bonchus?

A

The Right primary bronchus is more vertical due to the position of the heart. The left bronchus is more horizontal.

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30
Q

Why is the orientation of the Primary bronchus important?

A

An object swallowed is more likely to be aspirating in the right primary bronchus due to the right primary bronchus being very vertical

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31
Q

What is the difference between the R/L lungs?

A

Right will have three lobes and Left will have two due to the apex of the heart laying in the left lobe

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32
Q

The primary bronchus will enter the lung and do what?

A

split and bifricate into each lobe as secondary bronchus

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33
Q

What will the secondary bronchus do further and what happens with the cricoid cartilage?

A

split into tertiary bronchus and have even smaller and thinner cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

What do each tertiary bronchus go to?

A

each segments of the lung

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35
Q

What do tertiary bronchus divide further into?

A

terminal bronchiole

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36
Q

The terminal bronchiole house?

A

alveolar sacs

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37
Q

What are Alveolar sacs?

A

portions of the airway that comes into contact with capillary bed of the pulmonary circulation.

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38
Q

what is significant about capillary bed?

A

only region where there is gaseous exchange

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39
Q

What is the goal of respiration and where does it occur?

A

to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and this occurs at the point of where pulmonary capillary bed and alveolar sacs come into contact

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40
Q

What are the cavities that house the lungs in the thorax called?

A

two separate pleural cavities Right and Left

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41
Q

What is the central cavity of the thorax called?

A

Mediastinum cavity

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42
Q

What is housed inside the mediastinum cavity?

A

Trachea
Heart
Esophagus

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43
Q

Within the Pleura cavities there are membranous linings, what are they linings?

A

Visceral Pleura

Parietal Pleura

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44
Q

What do the visceral and parietal pleura line?

A

Parietal pleura- lines the insides of the thoracic cage onto the ribs
Visceral pleura- lines the outside of the lung itself on the paringkima

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45
Q

Should there be a gap in parietal and visceral pleura?

A

No

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46
Q

What sort of lining is parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Serous membrane

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47
Q

What is serous membrane and why is it important for the lung?

A

Serous membrane creates serous fluid in between the two pleura.
Important for lubrication of the lung, decrease friction, and increases the surface tension to help adhere the two layers

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48
Q

What fluid does the lung create?

A

Surfactin

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49
Q

What is the purpose of surfactin?

A

decrease surface tension inside of the lung to the water molecules introduced by the nasal cavity and the conchae. Water is attracted to itself and it could cause lung collapse and alveolar sac collapse due to water attraction.

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50
Q

What are the Right lung segmentation orientated?

A

3 lobes: superior/middle/inferior lobes

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51
Q

What are the subsections of the lobes in the right lung?

A

<a>
Superior: Apical/Anterior/Posterior segments
Middle: Lateral/Medial segments
Inferior: Superior/Medial Basilar/Lateral Basilar/ Anterior Basilar/Posterior Basilar</a>

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52
Q

What is the depression of the median portion of the lung called?

A

Pulmonary Hilum

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53
Q

what is the pulmonary hilum?

A

where structures enter the lung:
Primary bronchus
Pulmonary artery/vein
Bronchiole artery/vein

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54
Q

what is the difference between pulmonary and bronchiole artery/vein?

A

Bronchiole artery/vein is for the supply of blood for lung itself.
Pulmonary artery/vein is for exchange for blood from the heart

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55
Q

What are the dark structures in the pulmonary hilum?

A

lymph nodes

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56
Q

What are the subsections of the lobes in the left lung?

A

Superior: Apical/Anterior/Posterior segments
Inferior: Superior/Medial Basilar/ Lateral Basilar/ Anterior Basilar/ Posterior Basilar
Lingula: Superior/Inferior

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57
Q

If you separate the parinkima of the pulmonary vein/artery and primary brunchus what will you see?

A

They will separate into each branch of the airway (primary bronchus)and travel side by side together and will get smaller in diameter until it ends as a capillary bed in the alveolar sacs

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58
Q

What is the vestigial left lobe? sometimes known as the third lobe

A

lingula lobe

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59
Q

What is the direction of blood in the pulmonary artery/veins?

A

pulmonary vein: away from the lung to the heart

pulmonary artery: away from the heart to the lung

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60
Q

What is the membranous lining of the heart?

A

pericardium

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61
Q

what are the layers of the pericardium?

A

parietal and visceral layers

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62
Q

In the thorax what is the thick layer over the heart?

A

Parietal Pericardium

63
Q

What is the layer attached to the heart with fat?

A

Visceral pericardium

64
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

65
Q

What is the Epicardium of the heart also the same as?

A

The heart’s Epicardium is the same as the visceral layer of the pericardium

66
Q

What lines the inside of the heart?

A

endocardium

67
Q

What is found in the myocardium of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

68
Q

In between the parietal and visceral layer of the heart is what? and its function?

A

serious membrane which produces serious fluid:

  • lubricates
  • prevents overheating
  • prevents denaturing of protein of the heart due to heat
69
Q

All blood will somehow drain into which chamber of the heart?

A

Right atrium

70
Q

What are the three structures that drain into the Right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

71
Q

Is there a valve when entering the heart?

A

No valves when entering the heart

72
Q

What is unique about the coronary sinus?

A

Major collecting vein that actually drains the heart itself

73
Q

The opening in between the right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by what?

A

Tricuspid valve

74
Q

What do each leaflets of tricuspid valve connected by and attached to the wall of the heart via what?

A

Connects to the wall of the right ventricle via papillary muscles connected by the Chordae tendonae

75
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

contract to close the valves

76
Q

When does the papillary muscles contract?

A

Papillary muscles contracts near the same time of the ventricular myocardium. As the ventricle contracts the papillary muscles will pull the leaflets into the right ventricle to close it.

77
Q

Why is it important that the papillary muscles cause valve closure?

A

to prevent back flow. Prevent blood to go back into the atrium. Due to the lack of valves in the atrium to the body there would be no guard for blood to go backward into systemic blood system

78
Q

Why is the atrial walls thin in nature?

A

Right atrial wall is thinnest. they flow blood just to the ventricles of the corresponding side in the heart

79
Q

Where is the Right ventricle pumping blood to?

A

Pulmonary arteries in the pulmonary circulation

80
Q

Where is the Left ventricle pumping blood to?

A

Aorta in the systemic circulation

81
Q

What is the opening leading to the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle? and whats unique about it?

A

pulmonary semilunar valves

doesn’t have any papillary muscles or chordae tendonae

82
Q

Why doesn’t pulmonary semilunar valves not have any papillary muscles and chordae tendonae?

A

Due to it being opened and closed by the hydro pressure regulating it. The only thing opening the semilunar valve to open is when the ventricle contracts and the increase in venticular pressure

83
Q

Where does the blood flow to right after the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk then to the Right and Left pulmonary arteries to the respective lungs

84
Q

As the pulmonary artery travels into the lung’s lobe, segment, and shrinks in diamter, what is the smallest artery form it takes?

A

Pulmonary arterioles

85
Q

What does the pulmonary arterioles then terminate in?

A

capillary beds

86
Q

what occurs at the capillary beds?

A

gaseous exchange with the alveolar sacs

87
Q

Now that blood is being oxygenated at the alveolar sacs what is the first terminal in which this blood goes back towards the heart?

A

pulmonary venuoles to the pulmonary veins

88
Q

How many pulmonary veins lead back to the heart?

A

4

two on each side

89
Q

How and where does the 4 pulmonary veins enter the heart?

A

enters the Left atrium without any valves

90
Q

What guards between the left atrium and ventricles?

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve also with chordae tendonae and papillary muscles

91
Q

From the Left ventricle where does it go to? via what?

A

Aorta via Aortic semilunar valve

92
Q

How is the blood flow from left ventricle to aorta via aortic semilunar valve regulated?

A

Hydraulic pressure regulated to the ascending aorta

93
Q

Why is the Left ventricle walls thicker than that of the Right ventricle?

A

It must push blood to the aorta and the systemic system

where as the right only pumps to the pulmonary system

94
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

muscle increasing in size with same number of muscle cells

95
Q

If your heart needs to work hard it will what?

A

enlarge to due hypertrophy

96
Q

What is a reason for the heart to need to work harder?

A

exercise and hypertension

97
Q

What is the left ventricle pressure called?

A

pre-load pressure

98
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta (systemic circulation) called?

A

after-load pressure

99
Q

In order for blood to leave the left ventricle what must occur in between the pre/after load?

A

pre load needs to be greater than the after load pressure.

If this doesn’t happen blood won’t leave the heart

100
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate= amount of blood ejected in one minute

101
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood ejected in one beat

102
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of beats per minute

103
Q

What is hypertension? resulting in what hypertrophy of the heart?

A

high blood pressure in the systemic circulation resulting in hypertrophy of the left ventricle

104
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension? resulting in what hypertrophy of the heart?

A

high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation resulting in hypertrophy of the right ventricle

105
Q

Systemic hypertension may lead to also what else?

A

result in pulmonary hypertension

106
Q

If after load continues to increase what happens to stroke volume?

A

After load increase causes the pressure in the aorta to increase resulting in decrease of stroke volume

107
Q

If stroke volume is decreasing what happens to compensate?

A

Heart rate increases therefore increase in work, hypertrophy inward of the myocardial layer. decreasing space in the heart’s ventricle therefore smaller volume

108
Q

Hypertrophy due to exercise results in what to the heart?

A

outward growth of the hearts myocardial layer

109
Q

What is the thin oval shaped indentation in the intra-atrial wall?

A

Fossa oval

110
Q

What is Fossa oval?

A

Foramen oval in utero due to bypassing right ventricles and the lungs, due to it being provided by the mother. bypassing the pulmonary circulation.

111
Q

If the foramen oval does shut what is that called?

A

patent foramen oval resulting in oxygen poor blood will run into the left chambers.

112
Q

What is the fibrous connection between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

113
Q

What loops around the Ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve loops around from in route to the larynx

114
Q

What is the Ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?

A

Fetal shunt that was a hollow structure with a lumen that allowed a bypass the pulmonary circulation. this was known as the ductus arteriosum.

115
Q

Blood returns to the right atrium via what structure?

A

Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Cononary sinus

116
Q

In a fetus blood from the right atrium will flow to where via what structure?

A

Left atrium via foramen oval then to the left ventricle then to the systemic circulation

117
Q

In a fetus some blood will flow into the right ventricle, what will then happen?

A

The fetal blood in the right ventricle will eject into the pulmonary via the pulmonary semi lunar valve, and will drain right into the aortic arch via the ductus arteriosum then to the rest of the systemic circulation.

118
Q

What does systolic mean?

A

contraction of the ventricles that contract at the same time

119
Q

What does diastolic mean?

A

filling of the ventricles

120
Q

What does atrial systolic mean?

A

atrial contraction

121
Q

what does atrial distolic mean?

A

atrial relaxation

122
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law?

A

greater amount of stretch on the myocardia of the heart it will result in increase in force production.

123
Q

What is the purpose calcium channel blockers?

A

treatment for hypertension by decreasing heart rate allowing for more time for filling the chambers, but because of Frank-Starling law you increased the force volume produced

124
Q

Ascending aorta emerges from which chamber?

A

left ventricle

125
Q

What is the first branch emerging from the ascending aorta? and perfusing to?

A

Right and left coronary artery to the heart

126
Q

Which artery gives off the (SA) Sino Aterial nodal branch?

A

Right coronary artery on

127
Q

When the SA node continues down the heart what does it give off?

A

Right marginal which continues inferior and loops around

128
Q

When the Right marginal loops around and inferiorly what does it continue as?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

129
Q

Where is the SA node found?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

130
Q

The left coronary artery comes down and runs posteriorly and then gives off what branch?

A

Left circumflex artery

131
Q

Where does the left circumflex artery run?

A

in between the left atria and ventricle

132
Q

What runs parallel with the left circumflex artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

133
Q

The left coronary artery continues inferiorly as what ?

A

anterior interventricular artery

134
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery and the posterior interventricular artery then do?

A

anastomoses with each other

135
Q

Where do all coronary veins drain into?

A

coronary sinus

136
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium directly

137
Q

Where does the Cardiac conductance initially being?

A

The sino-atrial node aka pacemaker of the heart

138
Q

What is the next conduction after the SA node?

A

Atrio-ventricular node aka gatekeeper- pause

139
Q

Where is the Atrio-ventricular node located?

A

inbetween the atrium and the ventricles

140
Q

As the electrical conductance is going from the SA node to AV node what is depolarizing

A

the atrias are depolarizing

141
Q

When the atrias are depolarizing what is occurring physically?

A

The left and right atriums are contracting

142
Q

What happens when the electrical conductance hits the AV node?

A

It slows down the conductance in between the atriums and ventricles.

143
Q

After the electrical conductance hits the AV node and is slowed down where does it go?

A

Bundle of His

144
Q

What projects out of the Bundle of His?

A

Perkinge fibers

145
Q

Where does the Perkinge fibers propagate the electrical conductance to?

A

The left and right ventricles at the same time

146
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Electrical Cardio gram. monitors the electrical impulses of the heart.

147
Q

Why is it important to monitor the impulses of the heart via ECG?

A

It tells you what is contracting, every type of cardiac muscle contraction is a depolarization of muscles, which is change in membrane potential.

148
Q

What is the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization contraction of the atrium as electrical conductance is traveling from the SA node to AV node

149
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

PR Segment that is the delay at the AV Node

150
Q

What does the PR segment delay at the AV node allow for?

A

This delay allows for blood to flow and build pressure in the ventricles. The Frank-Starlings Law is applied to have more contractility of the muscle resulting in a bigger stroke volume

151
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization and ventricles contractions

152
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Repolarization of the the ventricles, allowing for resting membrane potential

153
Q

what happens during resting membrane potential?

A

no contraction?

Physiology (6 decks)

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