Al-Mehdi CV-ANS Pharm

Question 1

baroreceptor control via carotid sinus and aortic arch respond to what

Answer 1

stretch

Question 2

carotid _____ senses stretch

Answer 2

sinus

Question 3

carotid ____ senses oxygen

Answer 3

body

Question 4

nucleus in brain that is collector of all visceral input

Answer 4

NTS

Question 5

nucleus in brain that provides only motor supply of the heart

Answer 5

Nucleus Ambiguus

Question 6

the carotid sinus branch of what nerve goes to NTS then nucleus ambiguus to provide action of heart in response to increased or decreased stretch

Answer 6

carotid sinus branch of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 7

nerve that is primary sensor for oxygen in carotid body

Answer 7

vagus n.

Question 8

for baroreceptor of carotid sinus, when do the afferents fire

Answer 8

when MAP goes up OR down

Question 9

for baroreceptor of aortic arch, when do afferents fire

Answer 9

only when MAP goes up

Question 10

normal tension where there is no firing from carotid sinus or aortic arch

Answer 10

MAP of 85

Question 11

what happens when MAP drops from 85 to 60 (hypotension)

Answer 11

firing at carotid sinus to NTS then CVLM, RVLM, to IML and send NE to B1(Gs) on SA, AV, and myocardium

Question 12

what happens when MAP increases from 85 to 120

Answer 12

firing at both carotid sinus and aortic arch to NTS, signal relayed to Nucleus Ambiguus to vagus to slow down HR (mainly has Ach binding to M2 (Gi) on SA node)

Question 13

main receptor and activity of NE

Answer 13

a1 (constriction/contraction)

Question 14

activates all receptors equally

Answer 14

Epi

Question 15

products of adrenal medulla

Answer 15

Epi and NE

Question 16

NE when bound to a2 (Gi) on presynaptic side

Answer 16

inhibitory effects

Question 17

Clonidine
alpha-methyldopa
tizanidine

Answer 17

agonists that bind a2 and inhibit NE activity

Question 18

NE when bound to a1 (Gq) on postsynaptic side

Answer 18

activation (contraction)

Question 19

NE when bound to B1 (Gs) on postsynaptic side

Answer 19

activation (contraction)

Question 20

is body more worried about lower bp or higher bp

Answer 20

lower bp (hypotension)

Question 21

coronary, carotid, skeletal, and hepatic vascular beds have too much _____ receptors (so will usually dilate)

Answer 21

B2

Question 22

these cells make renin that increases aldosterone and ultimately causes increase Na+ and increase in blood volume

Answer 22

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 23

PDE inhibitor that allows for increase in contractility

Answer 23

MILRINONE

Question 24

drug that decreases venous tone and reduces preload of heart

Answer 24

morphine

Question 25

used to decrease blood volume by eliminating water

Answer 25

diuretics

Question 26

part of heart highly responsive to emotional states

Answer 26

SA node

Question 27

only innervation to blood vessels

Answer 27

sympathetic

Question 28

rich in beta2 (dilation)

Answer 28

coronary arterioles

Question 29

contain a1 receptors; can precipitate MI

Answer 29

coronary arteries

Question 30

2 main drugs used to treat orthostatic hypotension

Answer 30

MIDODRINE (a1 agonist) DROXIDOPA (precursor of NE)

Question 31

this is seen when putting on a tie; carotid sinus sends signal to brain saying high bp and then body lowers bp and person faints

Answer 31

carotid sinus syndrome

Question 32

B1 stimulation effect on SA, AV, and myocardium:

Answer 32

SA: + Chronotropy (rate) AV: + Dromotropy (conduction speed) myocardium: + inotropy (contractility)

Question 33

SA node M2 stimulation

Answer 33

- chronotropy (decrease rate)

Question 34

alpha (a1 and a2) receptors are activated more by what

Answer 34

NE

Question 35

NE stimulation can inhibit what

Answer 35

Ach from being released when NE binds a2 on same neuron and neighbor

Question 36

Ach stimulation can inhibit what

Answer 36

NE being released when Ach binds M2 on same neuron and neighbor

Question 37

neuropeptide Y (NPY) can inhibit what neurotransmitter release

Answer 37

Ach

Question 38

released from cholinergic terminal and causes vasodilation

Answer 38

VIP

Question 39

long acting form of VIP for HTN

Answer 39

VASOMERA

Question 40

these specific neurons modulate parasympathetic ganglion cells

Answer 40

NANC

Question 41

released from NANC neurons

Answer 41

substance P and CGRP

Question 42

2 main effects of parasympathetic system on heart

Answer 42

rate and rhythm (- chronotropy and - dromotropy)

Question 43

____ node propagation depends on Ca2+ current

Answer 43

AV node

Question 44

drug that is used to treat bradycardia; competitive antagonist at M2 receptor

Answer 44

Atropine

Question 45

Why does calcium after contraction need to be picked up back into SR?

Answer 45

in order to depolarize again, muscle MUST repolarize and relax for next contraction to occur

Question 46

vascular smooth muscle relaxation by B2 (Gs)

Answer 46

increase cAMP, increase PKA, causes MLCK phosphorylation, decrease Ca2+/calmodulin, relaxation

Question 47

one of the most important drugs used to restore heart beat after cardiac arrest

Answer 47

Epinephrine

Question 48

limit ___ agonists to treat shock due to decreasing energy efficiency

Answer 48

B1

Question 49

with_____ sympathetic activation will increase O2 demand (but will end up with O2 supply/demand mismatch)--->shock

Answer 49

MI

Question 50

what ultimately results in referred pain for cardiac pain

Answer 50

convergence of interneuron (crossover)

Question 51

oxygen sensors

Answer 51

carotid and aortic bodies

Question 52

receptors responsible for sensing dyspnea (lack of O2)

Answer 52

J receptors (juxta-capillary)