alc is ace empire Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
What were the 4 themes surrounding aus’s dealings with provincials?
A
- probs under rep.
- provincials
- controlled governors
- edicts of cyrene
2
Q
sources for aug and the provinces?
A
strabo, suet, edicts of cyrene
3
Q
why was there so much prov. extortion in late rep?
A
constant turnaround of ambitious men wanting to pay back loans for election campaigns using publicani
4
Q
who records the extortion of cilicia?
A
cicero - this was before his term there
5
Q
Why was aug so involved with the provincials?
A
he had the frontier provinces which mad up a large amount of empire and required most attention - most of army, most volatile
(carries similar weight to lex vatinia and gabinia, manilia)
6
Q
What 4 things keep provincials happy under aug?
A
- censuses - fair taxes
- private tax collectors abolished somewhat (causes revs. under later emps. though)
- Publicani tightly controlled
- imperial cult - everyone feels part of the emperor and this can act as complaints forum for naughty govs.
7
Q
How were prov. govs. controlled under aug?
A
- large fixed salary - less extortion
- increased chance of conviction (particularly under tib)
- imp. provs. having best officials
- improved comms; more accurate reports (caused by procurators [gov. watchers] and his maius imperium)
8
Q
What does the control of govenors do for aug?
A
extend influence and back up political motives of why he needs to control provs
9
Q
is aug liberal with citizenship?
A
no (suet)
does not allow livia’s gaul to join citz - offers to let of taxes for life
10
Q
what does aug do after natural disasters?
A
helps provinces who suffered after an earthquake
(suet)
11
Q
differing views as to why aug takes powerful provinces?
A
- Dio - should be “inadequately armed and unprepared for war” so aug wouldnt have senatorial opp
- Suet. - just mentions it.
12
Q
did aug interfere in senatorial provinces?
A
yes, cyrene edicts - from 7, 6 and 4 bc and example of aug using maius imperium since this was senatorial domain
13
Q
What were the edicts of cyrene?
A
- aug institutes that since romans were acting as judges for greeks on trial and being too malicious (innocents condemned to death), the jury should be half greek, half roman:
“both I and the senate are concerned that none of our subjects should suffer any improper tratment”
-
14
Q
What is the inscription of cyme in asia?
A
issued by aug and agrippa in 27 (between 1st and 2nd sets.) details no one allowed to take sacrifices/gifts from temples or prov. gov. must pay for its replacement
EXAMPLE OF AUG INTERFERING IN SENATE. PROVS. BEFORE GRANT OF MAIUS IMP. IN 23
15
Q
Who (relatively objectively) corroborates issuing of provinces under aug?
A
strabo - more difficult/defensible/unsubdued given to aug, more peaceful to senate
aug sends govs. and admins. to his
16
Q
How is egypt and legions run?
A
- goved by eques. prefect
- 3 legions commanded by EQUES with imperiusm
- no senator to enter without permission (like germ. under tib…)
underdeveloped comp. to rest of emp - Alex. only big city
17
Q
What is tib’s attitude to provinces?
(metaphor)
A
suet:
“a good shepard shears his flock, he does not skin it” - does not over tax
18
Q
Positives of tib in provinces?
(6)
A
- helped out with aid after earthquakes (grudgingly acc. suet.) and stadium collapses (suet and tac.)
-strict discipline in troops in provs. and good govs. chosen - gov. danube in for 20 yrs (tac) - prosecutions of govs quick - silanus - (tac)
- improved infrastructure, disaster aid (tac)
- avoids involvement in senate. provinces (tac); tacfarinas when tells senate to send their gen
- discouraged worship (gytheon decree, tac) and limits taxes
also coroborrated by veleius
19
Q
negatives of tib and the provinces?
A
- Abolished asylum throughout emp
- didn’t appoint govs. after going to capri
(suet)
revolt in gaul in 20 (tac). - over taxed
20
Q
What decree suggests tib is revered in provs.?
A
gytheon decree - seem to really want to worship him but he denies
21
Q
What does gaius do in the provinces?
(3)
A
- annexes mauretania
- announces annex of britain (no action)
- reinstalls client kings (like herod agrippa)
(suet)
22
Q
What are the positives of claud in the provinces?
A
- tac: allows gauls into senate and makes new patricians (senate oppose - gives claud more support, to proud - but uses academics to convince them)
- letter to the alexandrians: declines divine honours and responds to an embassy discussing tensions between greeks and jews in alexan. - shows comms in provinces
23
Q
How is claud similar to caesar?
(5)
A
- expansion and assimilation
- encourages romanisation
- extends citizenship
- establishes colonies
- direct rule opposed to client kings
(suet)
24
Q
What are important challenges to nero in the provinces?
A
jewish revolt, boudicca revolt (tac)
25
Why did the boudiccan revolt happen?
- mismanagement - brash attempt to grab **Iceni** land
- Iceni and Trinovantes burn colchester, st albans and london
- caused by high tax and greed of romans
- put down by cmndr Paulinus
(tac)
26
Why did the jewish revolt happen?
- nero raises taxes and raids temples
Josephus
27
6 poor outcomes from nero in provinces?
- (dio) left freedman Helios in charge of rome for 15 months while in greece
- christians prosecuted
- coinage debased after fire
- higher taxes
- jewish revolt in 66-70 and tensions in egypt
- vindex and galba revolts in gaul and spain respectively - eventual downfall stems from provinces
28
2 good things from nero in the provinces?
- some greek cities given "freedom"
- some peace and stability in germany with cmndrs using civil engineering projects to keep troops occupied
- corbulo in armenia
29
summary of emperors relations with the provs?
- Aug, tib, claud - good, both romans and provs benefit
- gaius and nero - uninterested in mechanisms of provs and management
30
Summary of the relationships between the J-Cs and the senate?
- aug: good
- tib: bad
- Gaius: bad
- Claud: he was fair but they didn't like him
- nero: bad after the first 5 years
31
Whats werid about aug relations with senate?
its positive but he's extremely controlling and supressive of their power -dominant
32
Why is claud's relations with senate complicated?
accession not supported by senate, influenced by wives and freedmen, falls on praetorian guard for support
33
What 3 factors effected how aug handled the senate?
- learns from experience of caesar; shouldn't draw attention to power, will get killed
- conservatism; wants to be seen as restorer and republican, sticking to trad. roman values
- needed to share workload with senate - could not run on own so needed to keep them sweet but not too big for boots
34
What does the 28 aurei of aug show?
aug has restored the republic and prestige of senate:
- aug wearing laurel wreath (vict), imperator, caesar, divi filius
- sitting on magistrates chair, wearing toga, holding scroll (trad rep dignity)
35
What does the denarii of aug in 13 bc show?
aug shares his power in rep. fashion - not dictator:
- bare head aug, caes. aug
- aug and agrippa on tribs. bench in trad togas
same sentiment shared by res gest
36
res gest summary of aug relations with senate?
- refuse dict. and life consul despite offer from people and senate
- doesn't want to accept hons offensive to trads/ancestors
- dates using consuls as if they were important
- senate grants him ara pacis augusta
- stresses auctoritas - had no greater powers than any other magistrate
- senate and people grant title pater patriae
- shield of virtue given by senate for clemency, piety, courage, virtue
overall, aug presents having good relations with senate
37
how does aug portray relations with senate?
wants them to seem good but this is potentially propaganda
38
What does dio suggest about relations between aug and snate?
questions his motives; seems more like a charade to feign humility when he is acting with tyranny
"pleading for the monarchy, compelled him as it seems to accept autocratic powers"
more sceptical - rep fascade
39
How does suet present aug. relationship with senate and what were some key points?
as good, but does not omit the kind of control he had - seemed to like this:
- liked reduction in no. senators; getting rid of "orchus men" giving senate bad name and being brought in after caesar death
- reviewed senate rolls with agrippa where **he had to search removed emperors while wearing armour and remove individually** - lack of trust
- reduced meetings
- traditions restored (wine and incense) and concilium restored - advisors to prep info for senate to vote on
40
What does the concilium evolve to?
supposed to be preparation for senate to vote on things but eventually can pass laws without ratification
41
What was the image aug wanted to portray of senate and what actions show this?
senate and trads. restored:
- reduction of senate no.s
- monetary requalification (better class of people)
- shortened consulship
- restoration of Trad. practices
42
What was the reality of augs. senatorial reforms and what shows this?
Aug. is in control, senate is kept sweet:
- senatorial committees instead of whole votes and reduced. no. sessions
- control and allocation of provinces
- Minting of coins (aug gets gold and silver, senate bronze and copper)
- control over foreign affairs
- provincial finds and 'fisci'
43
What is the caepio -murena plot under aug?
- Proconsul of macedonia (senatorial, not imperial prov) in 24 accused of illegal warfare (claims aug gave permission)
- aug denies and proconsul condemned
- prompted plot against aug - caepio and murena exiled in 23/22 bc
44
What does velleius and macrobius say about murena and caepio?
vell pat - they were villains, suffered violent death
Macrobius - Caepio attempts to kill aug
45
What is the rufus affair of 19 bc?
equites who implemented a fire service, who wanted to overthrow aug (dio)
Vell pat claims he was more of a gangster than a senator
46
What does the rufus affair and the caepio murena plat show about aug?
despite his portrayal, he suffered some plots and disdain at hands of elites
47
Where does tibs. problems with the senate start?
at his accession where he wanted to appear as aug had done as reluctant leader forced on by senate and people
He may genuinely have been reluctant -he does want to rule with the senate (tac) - but senate dont believe him
48
What is evidence of tiberius co ruling with the senate?
(tac)
- asked opinion of senate on buildings, troops and generals etc.
- avoided titles (imperator, pat. patr. etc.) and vetoed bills for temples celebrating his divinity
- only legislative body after 14 AD (peoples assemblies no longer vote magistrates - now senate job), chief criminal court
- gave senatorial grants to impoverished elite
49
What evidences subservience of senate under tib?
(tac)
- hesitant and reserved attitude of tib made him indecipherable so people stepped carefully, not knowing what was treason or not
- prosecuted senators loyal to germanicus and interfered
-irritated by senators inefficiency; 'men fit to be slaves' - would not decide who to send to take out tacfarinas in africa
- laebo (lawyer) openly criticised tib and never reached aim of consul, cremutius praises brutus in his history books, which are then burned9
50
What shows tac. contrast in actions of senate?
"tib made a habit of always allowing the consuls initiative as though the rep. was still in existence"
- use of sententia
"found slavish obedience was the way so succeed politically"
51
What does servillirty of senate eventually lead to?
tib leaves for capri and leaves sejanus in charge
52
How does tib attitude toward sente change later on?
gradually begins to revoke senate's decisions when he thought they were wrong and interfered with law courts
suet.
53
What suggests treason trials weren't as bad as we thought?
- in **23 years, only 52 people charged and 12 put to death**
- tib dismissed trivial cases and didnt think insults to he/mother were treasonable
54
Why did treason trials get worse?
- sejanus, made tib paranoid
- some executions (many unrelated though)
- could be tac depicting extreme fear of the upper classes
55
What positives does velleius say about tib reign?
- restores respect to public life/ eliminates conspiracy
- restores magistrate's auth and senate majesty
- no riots, stable corn price
- no extortion in provs
- tib and sej. like aug and agrippa
- trained germanicus well
- generous to people and saved senators from poverty with bails
56
What happens to velleius?
friend of sejanus who disappears possibly around the treason trials
57
Why did gaius-senate relationship begin well and what shows this?
- gers. child; so basically 'dream come true'
- not tiberius.
- senate immediately conferrs abs. power on him, ignoring tib's will and ignoring joint heir, gemellus
- promised to burd maiestas papers
suet.
58
how does gaius-senate relationship sour?
- after illness; "let them hate me as long as they fear me"
- believed senate helped kill his family with sej.
- thought tib justified in his cruelty
- deprived noblest men of family emblems
- horse consul threat
suet.
59
Which sources suggest gaius had bad relation with senate?
suet,
jos. (plundered citizens - esp. senators - and executed to seize wealth)
seneca - possibly writing to instruct nero (considers butchering senate and floggs them after lep. plot)
60
How does gaius' poor relations with senate show him to be peoples emp?
jos.
- "the people had no love for the senate and realised the emperor's acted as a curb for its rapacity and were a source of protection"
hence they opposed the restoration o republic after assasination of gaius by praetorians (possibly supported by senate)
61
Why does claud have mixed relations with the senate?
his accession - according to suet, he buys the loyalty of the troops and doesn't ascend with support of the senate
implements freedmen to do "their job"
62
what suggests claud had good relations with senate?
- refused titles
- annulled gaius' edicts
- general amnesty to rep. restorers
- no exiles without permission
- achea and macedon into sen. provs
- minting bronze coins
- senators removed by softer measures
63
What shows negative relations between claud and senate?
- treasury to quaestors
- claud behaves as judge (tac)
- expansion of gauls into senate
- 35 senators, 300 equites executed (suet)
64
how does suet portray claud-senate relations?
- good, asks for leave refuses titles, asked to recall exiles, relatively fair judge
- though were some elite conspiracies against him: pleb and 2 equites, gallus and corvinus, gov. dalmatia coup - precarious
- though tension arises with input of gauls
65
How doe tac portray claud-senate relations?
- conflicting; senators completely against gauls in senate but claud uses history to bring them round
66
Why were freedmen used by claud and what did this do for senate?
- senate hostility and ineffectiveness in govt.
- needs more help for administering emp (below senators place)
- respect for senators who he saw as equals - thought civil service beneath them
- cant use senate because of imperial cult
67
How do suet and tac portray claud's freedmen?
negatively, as if they were beneath them since the two wrote from senatorial perspectives
suggest he was controlled and cuckolded by wives and freedmen - not fitting for emp
68
What are nero senate relations like?
begins well, ends badly
69
how does suet portray nero - senate relations?
- initially good: models rule on aug, Grants to impoverished senators (like tib), suspends hons. until he deserves them, monthly grain ration to people and good largesse
- gets worse: murders britannicus and agrippina - senators dislike blatant immorality
70
Why did senators plot against nero?
- criminal record
- attacks on rights of senate
- cruelty and debauchery
- draining treasury
- property confiscations (to build domus aurea)
71
Who epitomises senate opposition to nero?
thrasea paetus - walks out a lot and eventually forced to commit suicide
72
what was the biggest example of senatorial hatred toward nero?
Piso plot:
- 40 senators plot to assassinate nero around G.C Piso (and praetorian guard)
- back and forth whether or not to kill in private or public - opt for public (more honourable)
- Fails when milichus (slave) informs nero after being asked to sharpen knife
- conspirators crack under interrogation and plot is blown out (contrast: epicharis - tac)
- aftermath shows sycophancy of senate
73
What happened after the piso plot?
Nero alludes to one day wiping out whole senatorial order while the senators congratulate him on his avoidance of their plot?
74
What finality shows the poor relations between nero and senate?
Senate eventually declare him a public enemy and he is forced to commit suicide
75
Summary of women's' influence over the J-C period?
gradually increases - or becomes more obvious.
there are clear signs during reign of aug that women/ freedmen become more influential (livia and even in rep.)
76
who was aug married to?
how many kids?
how many step kids?
who were his grandsons?
- livia
- just julia
- tiberius and drusus
- gaius, lucius and posthumous
77
how many kids do julia and agrippa have?
5: gaius, lucius, posthumous, julia and agrippina (mother of gaius and wife of ger)
78
why is suet reliable in matters of imp. court?
access to archive letters - which he regularly cites; eg aug - livia letter about claud
79
How does suet portray relations between julia, aug and her husbands?
- aug strictly controls actions of julia and 2 daughters to limit reputation damage
80
How does suet portray julia?
a real pain in the arse:
- whorish, scandalous and out of control - a nuisance to aug
- "indulges in every sort of vice... banished them [julia and julia ygr]... Adulteries"
- phoebe's suicide (aug wishes julia died, not friend)
- "my 3 running sores"
81
what were the terms of the julias' exiles?
deprived of alcohol, wine, male slaves, julia ygrs' child is exposed
82
How is livia shown by suet and tac?
- controlling of aug and insidious; persuades aug to adopt tib (suet) and has a 'secret hand' in deaths of gaius and lucius (tac) so generally evil/powerful to ensure tib succession
- "had the aged aug. firmly under control" (tac.) openly persuades to exile posthumous and allegedly has him killed upon aug death
- relatively equal to aug; letters back and forth discussing key issues ie limiting claud pub. appearances
- Adopted as aug daughter in his will, given augusta so she can never be threatened (tac)
83
why is tac a dangerous source for women?
he really hates women - almost as much as aristotle
similarly with suet
84
What tac quote describes livia's influence on rome?
"oppressive mother to the state and oppressive stepmother to the house of the caesars"
hence why tib denies her to be granter mother of state since he would decline pat. pat so she should be modest too (tac)
85
what does pliny describe as the misfortunes of aug?
- julia's adulteries
- died with enemies son nominated as heir
- ag. posthumous exiled because of tib and livia's scheming
86
what represents an act of nonconformity by agrip. elder to tib?
she brings back germanicus' ashes when he was supposedly poisoned by piso with tib backing, or so agrippina believed
87
how does suet portray tib treatment of agrippina elder?
- details the fastional dispute within household with livilla
- ag. refuses apple of tib because she thinks its poisoned (disloyalty)
- eventually exiled, flogged so much she lost an eye, was force fed but eventually starved herself to death when tib slandered memory
- tib seemed to think she and family were threat to tib and grandson (sej influence?)
- sons of ag. all murdered or commit suicide
88
what is prominence of livilla, tib. daughter in law?
- sejanus seduces livilla both want to poison drusus (tib son, livilla's husband)
- sej then writes letter to tib asking to marry livilla under guise of protection from agrippina
- tib basically opposes marriage on grounds of pub. opposition and ill will intensified towards agrippina
example of men using women as political scapegoats and opportunities
89
What was relationship between tib and livia at the end?
not great:
- plain funeral, will ignored, gaius delivered eulogy (tac)
- tib does not attend funeral, vetoes divine hons. for her (claud issues later)
- tac: tib now unrestrained - can let all his cruelty out now livia is gone - capri insues
90
What shows women to be important under gaius?
coin issued of agrippina, drusilla and livilla portraying them as goddesses
though he does kill/divorce many wives showing women to be disposable and sub human/inferior
91
How does suet show gaius relations with sisters and wives?
- incest with drusilla.
- threats to kill wife in a nice way?
though tis could just be gossip or a way to show them to emulate the olympian gods since he has no proof
92
Why might gaius have started his own incest rumor?
he has no military or political auctoritas so needed a) to be close with family and b) to keep up the divine charade which this would liken him to the imperial gods and hence represent power over the senate through divinity
93
4 freedmen of claud?
- narcissus - got silanus killed with Mess.
- pallas - told claud to marry agrippina (dio)
- callistus
- polybius
94
how does suet. sum up imp of wives and freedmen to claud?
"claud fell so deeply under influence of freedmen and wives that he seemed to be their servant rather than emperor"
95
Who were claud's 4 wives?
- Plautia Urgulanilla: divorced (adultery)
- Aelia paetina: divorced (abuser) mot. of claudia antonia
- Messalina. - executed for marriage to sillius (tac.), mot. of brittanicus, claudia octavia
- Agrippina: mother of nero, who he adopts (possibly kills him?) also niece
96
Where does potential succession tumult come from under Claud?
nero was groomed for succession more successfully than messalina groomed britannicus (tac. - "trappings of command") despite not being a biological heir. claud adopts nero and he succeeds
97
How was messalina presented in tac and suet?
over exaggerated licentiousness due to tac hating women and suet loving court gossip
she is younger and more attractive than claud
tac is main source for messalina though
98
how does suet describe claud relations with freedmen and wives?
they exercise control politically:
- gives pub. offices, military commands, pardons and punishments according to wishes
- revokes grants, edicts and replaces/amends letters of appointment
- they make him execute 35 senators and 300 equites
99
Why does tac say claud was allowed to marry his neice?
remember: tac is pro senatorial so may resent power agrippina has over claud
pallas suggests marriage (pro: young and fertile, con: related)
apparently agrippina seduces claud though (tac thinks bad because is obedience to woman)
allowed because of vitellius' speech pro marriage which changes law
100
why does tac say the agrippina claud. marriage was successful?
he adopts nero as "protector" to britannicus (on pallas' suggestion - believed to be agrippina's lover)
because in national interest, senate approve marriage, ag. named augusta, ests. colonies?
101
What shows agrippina to be partner in empire of claud and execute power over him?
- when caratacus (brit. rebel) comes to rome he pays same homage to agrippina as claud
- britannicus' tutors, slaves, entourage banished, put under pro agrippina ones
- gained support of burrus who was new chief of PG
- eventually decides to carefully murder him
(tac)
102
How does tac allege claud dies?
Agrippina kills him with poisoned mushrooms
103
What shows nero and agrippina to be basically equal?
the aureus featuring agrippina and nero staring each other down:
- agrip and nero as equals looking at each other, "nero caesar's mother", "wife of divine claud", "Augusta"
- oak wreath, "awarded by senate to vict. cmndr nero son of divine claud"
Co rulers?
104
What starts poor relations between agripina and nero and hence nero and senate?
starts to lose influence over teenage son, nero involved with acte and agr. threatens to support brit.
105
How does agrip. try to regain control over nero?
- threat to support brit.
- tries incest (tac)
106
what immediate prompts pushed nero to kill agrip.?
- poppaea goads him into it taunting he was under guardians thumb and wouldn't divorce octavia and marry her while mother still alive
- anicetus suggests shipwreck after seeing it in a play
107
How does nero justify agrip. murder?
- apparently wanted to be co ruler, wanting oaths and wreaths from senate wanting guards and public support, she was responsible for scandals surrounding claudius
- senate then grudgingly proposed thanks but thrasea paetus walked out (tac)
108
what does suet say about agrippina's murder?
- deprived of guards
- nero tries poison 3X then collapsible bed and then boat
- apparently regrets for a short time then kills aunt (laxative)
109
What do dio and jos. say about agrippina's murder?
basically coroborrate suet and tac
110
who were nero's wives/love interests?
- octavia - claud daughter, exiled and murdered
- acte - greek freedwoman/slave
- poppaea - wife, negative influence (tac), deified and murdered ny nero
- sporus? - castrated male freedman
- statilia messalina - political move to seem more respectable but had to murder husband first
111
What does dio claim agrippina did and what does jos. say nero did in return?
dio - "it was I who made you emperor"
jos. - "nero murdered his stepbrother... his own brother and his wife"
112
in what 2 ways can women be presented in the sources (limited)?
paragons of virtue or personification of evil. - no inbetween
113
What did suetonius say was augs. philosophy for foreign policy?
"fishing with a golden hook":
- conservative and restrained attitude to expansion
- campaign had to be balanced between cost/risk to empire and any potential gain
ie. doesn't matter how good hook is, will it ever catch enough fish to justify losing it and hence losing something more valuable) - contrast to early career
114
what coins suggest agressive camps. on aug's part?
those commemorating capture of egypt (crocodile) and armenia (nike)
conquest important for image
115
how did aug bring legions under his sole control?
from res gest:
- legions reduced from 60 - 28
- standardised pay
- pensions and land grants
- army loyal to princeps alone as a result
116
what campaigns does aug embark on in west (diffs between east and west)?
west is much more aggressive whereas east is more diplomatic (parthians are scary)
camps in west (RG):
- alpines (tib, drus, agripp) - thought rome still didn't control after, new province estd. in northern italy,cisalpine gaul
- gaul and spain; not fully romanised (suet) - ara pacis commissioned for this success
- danube into panonia (part success) - then big revolt, tib sent in as agrippa is dead
- rhine into elbe - results in varrus disaster (suet)
117
what do failures in germany possibly indicate?
aug may have reduced legions by too much
118
what were the actions in the east under aug?
- armenia and judea; less aggressive due to parthian threat (ant and crassus massacred by them)
- peace treaty by tib in parthia (prima porta statue: eagles returned to tib)
- client kings used as buffer zones in armenia (tib installs tigranes)
- herod agrippa installed in judea
- campaigns in ethiopia (RG)
119
what does the extensive documentation of foreign policy in RG show?
important for augustan image and evidently important to roman people
military prestige still important to aug
slight contrast to suet doc. of aug attitude to foreign policy (wise and slow)
120
What suet quotes show aug makes emp more peaceful?/
"universal peace by both sea and land"
"famed for justice and moderation"
like gates of janus, depiction in poets and aura pacis
121
does tib continue aug's foreign policy?
yes, but does have to contend with mutinies at start of reign (pann, ger) and refrains from expanding empire
122
What do pannonian and germanic mutinies suggest about aug legion reforms?
tac airs most grievances of troops being about treatment, pay and organization; taking adv of a new emp - reforms not as effective as sug made out or they just see opp with tib
123
Why do the german and pannonian legions revolt?
- length of service
- low pay and deductions
- general conditions and discipline
(tac)
124
Why did tib not go to pann-ger mutinies?
tac thinks: he was a coward, indecisive and lazy
tactically, this could have been as a show of strength that he was in control of his new empire and hade able administrators and generals ingis staff - "2 half grown boys" according to tac
125
What does drus. do in pannonia?
reads letter from senate, uses lunar eclipse to scare troops, imposes harsh punishment on ringleaders and belligerents (tac)
126
why do soldiers mutiny in pann and ger?
- want 4 sesterces a day
- 16 year term (like guards)
- cash on retirement
- legacies promised by aug
(tac)
127
what does ger do in pannonia?
- threatens suicide when troops try to make emp
- does not call other troops (N legions offended)
- promised payments and wishes without tib approval (tib not happy)
- endangered family but eventually expulses them, bringing troops back by shame
arguably deals with worse than drus but tac shows in better light - pro ger, anti tib bias
128
what happens to ger after pannonian mutiny?
- german camps
- sent to east
- tours egypt without permission
- killed by piso
(tac)
129
what was tib attitude to the rhine?
"hands off"
- recalled ger - after teutoberg bodies found
- does not want to annex germany
- felt tribes should be left alone
(tac)
130
what was tibs policy towards the danube?
efficient, uses client kings, combined all into one prov, effectively uses 1 gov. (sabinius) for 20 years
(tac)
131
ehat was tibs policy towards the east?
diplomacy, annexation of cappadocia, germ. installs new king of armenia and tib appointed new king of parthia
(tac)
132
what was tibs policy towards africa?
tacfarinas revolt (senate can't make up mind over who to send), blaesus eventually sent [ex. of tib interfering in senate provs.] to deal with, stressed importance because of prevalence in grain supply
(tac)
133
Why were foreign campaigns important to gaius despite not really doing any and what shows this?
most of his 'auctoritas' came from family, from which he relied on father - ger and his campaigns - to provide some respect
shown in denarius of gaius and germanicus of 37 AD
ger. pop was important to reinforce gaius despite being pont max and having trib pot.
134
What 3 things did gaius do abroad (suet)?
- announced annex of brit after seashell collecting
- annexed mauretania
- reinstated client kings (Antiochus III of commagene, 3 sons of thracian prince and herod agrippa) and removed king of armenia to allow parthia influence there
135
What was claud's min achievements and why was this so needed?
conquest of brit. military success and aggression required because of his accession and having support of praetorian guard but not senate (jos. - some wanted to restore rep but people and army against)
136
how, archaeologically does claud show military success by proxy?
aurei of claud, 41-45:
- commemorates drusus (dad) and camps. in germany - ger was clauds brother
- shows claud as commander, wearing laurel wreath
- on opp side: shields and spears with standard "over germany"
137
what was weird about coins of drusus nero?
none of them were struck by him, all were minted by claud; usually of ger. campaign AD 9 - 12
138
how does claud celebrate conquest over brit numismatically?
aurei of claud 44:
- claud with laurel wreath, hailed as vict cmndr
- triumphal arch, eques statue and trophies on obv "over britain"
very important to his image
139
regarding foreign policy, who is claud most similar to and why?
Caesar - attempts (and is vict over) brit, aggressive stance:
- expansion and assimilation
- encourages romanisation
- extends citizenship
- ests. colonies
- prefers direct rule to client kings
140
What doe suet think about claud brit. camp?
not impressed - not there for long, "of no great importance"
writing from senatorial view, naturally disposed to dislike claud because of accession, wives and freedmen
141
How does tac portayal of caratacus in rome compare with suets. thoughts on brit campaign?
suet seems as minor event whereas tac show that people in rome were well aware of caratacus illusion of roman power and were proud to have finally defeated him with the eventual forgiveness being made a big deal out of
142
What does nero actually do abroad?
he sends corbulo abroad and takes all the credit:
143
What comemmorates corbulos victs. in armenia?
sestertii of nero AD 64:
- obese nero with laurel wreath, imperator, victor, pater patriae
- nero in horse drawn cart, triumphal arch, peace and mars with a spear and shield, victory
celebrates victs of corbulo showing imp. of foreign campaigns but does not acc mention corbulo
144
what counters nero's celebration of armenia victs?
suetonius - says he had no desire to expand emp
145
Who is corbulo and what was relationship with nero?
general, successful under claud then in east under nero:
- extensive military and diplomatic skills
- strict, old-fashioned disciplinarian
- armenian and syrian camps 54 - 63
- nero concerned about popularity
- orders to commit suicide
- many see as a contrast to nero
(dio)
146
What were the 2 big revolts under nero?
boudicca revolt - britain, harsh treatment of boudicca and daughters, high taxes, unhappiness,
jewish revolt - vespasian deals with; dislike having temples plundered, taxes raised and having greeks in alexandria
147
according to suet, how were the provinces and foreign states cause of nero's downfall?
- vindex - incited germans to revoly to get galba in to restore emp to former glory. nero ignores for 8 days and returns to rome when vindex insults his lyre playing
- galba - proclaimed emp in spain and supported by vindex. nero considers slaughtering all govs, cmndrs and exiles, setting fire to city again after fainting and tearing clothes. eventually settles on singing (with prostitutes) to offending army
148
why do the people eventually hate nero?
- raiss prostitute army
- enlists slaves, raises taxes, profits from high grain price
foreshadowed by religious signs: dreams, statues collapse and plays oedipus in a play (who's family cause him to commit suicide)
results in nero being "universally loathed"
149
brief summary of J-Cs foreign policy?
- Aug; careful and balances
- tib: kind of continues but has issues with ger
- gaius; innefective
- Claud: britain - may have just been to get respect from senate though and auctoritas over them
- nero: totally uninterested until sees corbuloas threat
149
what were the various emps. attitude to religion (trad, imp cult and foreign)?
- aug: reinforces traditional roman religion but can also be quite innovative (restoring temples, reviving customs ect. as well as imp cult) as suggested by the poets
- Tib: reluctant, uncomfortable with imp. cult, conservative towards trads
- gaius: demands to be treated as a god despite initially forbidding setting up images of him (dio); extreme, promotes own divinity and opportunistic (could be result of challenges from people/senate)
- claud: trad, restrained
- nero: mostly heroic and showmanistic; not really interested in religion/ imp cult
150
What powers did aug have in regard to religion?
- power of censor power and **sacrosanctity of tribune** after 23
- auctoritas important since gives him moral authority - ie to make moral laws
- pontifex maximus, augur, divi filius and many other 7 in total other priestly appointments
- powers used in conjunction with others such as maius imperium
151
what are the aims of aug's religious policy?
- restore roman dignity; remove excess and depravity,
- restore roman religious trads and worship of og gods and suppress new cults (eg. isis in east, druids) - poets
- revive old rep values; patriotism, loyal to state, family, etc
- promotion of the julians and links to divinity through venus, caesar etc. - start of real imp cult
152
what coin shows aug's religious influence?
denario of aug in 16:
- venus (descendent through aeneas) on one side with symbols of all 4 major priesthoods (that aug held): ladle, tripod, sac. bowl and augurs wand
shows venus as divine ancestor of julii clan and aug to be first roman to hold all 4 priesthoods at once (OMG he's amazing)
both trad and innovative
153
what does RG say about aug in religion?
- restores 82 temps
- member of 4 main religious colleges
- pont max after lepidus in 12 bc
- built temples to jupiter tonans, apollo, julius caesar and mars ultor + more
- highlights divine link to caesar (divi filus)
154
Whats the main idea of aug's religious policy?
balances both trad and innovative stances through maintaining values and traditions but promoting imp. cult
tries to balance between promoting self and family while retaining first among equals ethos of principate
155
what does suet say about aug and religion?
pretty much same as RG:
- writes under hadrian where link to divine may be more normalised
- pont max after lep. death
- **kept sibylline books but burned 2000 "unsuitable" works**
- renamed sextillius to august and corrects calendar
- again, priesthoods and reinstatements of ancient rites (secular games, lupercallia, crowning lares 2X Per year)
- increased no. priesthoods
156
What was compitallia and how was it innovative?
lares (guardian spirits) crowned 2x a year.
aug links himself to these as protector/supervisor of state and city
was given on first day of augustus and showed aug's rule of rome to be beneficial and for the people
basically street level aspect of imperial cult **in rome**
157
What did other writers say about Augs religion and emerging imp. cult?
- encouraged worship of gods associated with commoners (like lares - associated aug with common good)
- worshipped fortune peace and mercy (aug associated with)
- in suet: alien cults suppressed (isis, serapis, druidism)
- unnoficial aug cults popped up in italy
- aug worshipped in the provs.
158
how does virgil and ovid portray aug?
(religion)
- vir.: Aeneid, links to julians (big shield)
- ovid: divine future of aug, livia beneficial to rome
between 2 show aug to be perpetually divine
159
how does tac present aug's deallings with religion?
- slightly critically; aug superseeds worship of gods and does not decline a temple to be built at pergamum to himself and rome
160
how does strabo view aug religious input in rome?
factually.
- dedicates temple of apollo at actium
- cult of aug started at lugdunum (gaul)
161
What was tib's attitude to religion and when was this shown?
when falanius was accused of blasphemy by selling statue of aug as part of property, tib did nothing; claiming aug. not given divine hons. to ruin citizens
this shows that tib was more pragmatic towards imp cult, more conservative and less demagogic
162
what numismatically shows tib's relations with divine?
sestertii of tib, 43:
- statue of dei. aug with laurel branch and sceptre, chariot drawn by 4 elephants, devoted to the divine aug
- it just links him to aug, but not over the top
163
what is worth remembering about tib regarding deus status?
- never deified, before or after death
- refused to be worshipped as living god (eg. gytheon) though continually offered by senate
- denied divine hons for livia (later done by claud)
164
overall, what does tib do for religion?
maintained imp cult, upheld divinity of aug, dedicated temples to aug, like nola in italy
ll useful later for gaius and claud
165
overall, was tib's religious policy beneficial to emp?
agree:
- tac; repaired temps
- suet; vetoed all bills for temples and priests to his divinity
- encourage aug worship and trad. gods
disagree:
- superstitious: liked astrology (suet, tac)
- suet; prohibited foreign cults, jews banned from rome
- suet; moves against isis
- tac; clamps down on druids
166
Archaeological evidence of tib. conservatism towards imp cult?
gytheon decree in sparta - disallows priesthood/ temple to be set up to him and refuses worship
had historic ties with sparta
says thanks but no thanks
"satisfied with more moderate hons. suitable for men"
167
Why does gaius contrast aug and tib?
promotes own divinity because apart from family, he has no other auctoritas
could be response to challenges from senate and people - inferiority complex, young (suet)
168
what kind of religious stuff does gaius do?
- remodells palace to inc. temps of castor and pollux, jupiter etc.
- issues temps to his numen
- appears as apollo, neptune, hercules etc.
- talks to gods, makes thunder, invites to sleep with him, claims daughter is both his and jupiter's
- incest to liken to olympians
(dio, suet)
169
what cements gaius' extreme pushing of religion?
- jos. - wants to be living god
- dio - sets up temple to himself, consecrates self and horse as priests, sacrifices to self and talks to jupiter
170
Who is claud similar to in terms of religious policy?
Tib - also refuses honours and worships (letter to the alexandrians); conservative
171
what was the letter to the alexandrians in response to?
greek and jewish communities in alexandria were involved in dispute so greeks petitioned to make claud a god
he was unwilling to accept but did acknowledge he was related to dei aug
172
what is claud's response to alexandrian's letter?
declines high priest to self and temples built because does not want to offend contemporaries
does allow minor gestures to self and prefect of city though
173
what does suet. say claud promotes in terms of religion?
traditional stuff, similar to aug and tib:
- promotes livia and antonia as divine
- expelled jews in 49
- supports 60 haruspices
- expelled and suppressed astrologers and druids
174
What shows nero's attitude to religion was initially along lines of aug?
Aurei of nero 50-54:
- similar to aug with symbols of 4 priesthoods on them
suet; "promised to model his rule on principles laid down by aug"
175
what shows nero as less conservative towards religion?
As of nero in 62:
- obese nero, on opposit, depicts him as apollo the lyre player "pont. max. " "pat. pat"
suet also mentions nero depicting self as apollo lyre player - but may be more of love of music and arts than wish to be divine
176
What does nero attempt to do regarding religion?
emulate the gods and heroes according to suet (apollo musician, helios chariot racer, hercules lion killer)
177
what does suet say drove nero's emulation of gods?
- "greatest weaknesses were thirst for popularity and jealousy of other men who caught the public eye"
- "craving for immortal fame"
- "despised all religious cults"
largely ambivalent to the imperial cult and religion, just wanted to perform and be a hero9
178
what important actions did nero take against other religious groups?
tac, suet;
prosecuted the christians as scape goats to divert blame from self
had to attempt suppression of jewish revolts after he raided the temples of the provinces and raised taxes
179
what was nero's attitude to religion?
means to an end - he likes performing so acts as a god; he needs to avoid blame so prosecutes christians; he wants money so raids the temples of jews and others.
religious policy was never directly influenced by religion
180
summary of th J-Cs on religion?
- aug: trad but innovative
- tib: conservative and reluctant
- gaius: pushes own divinity, has nothing else
- claud: similar to aug and tib
- nero: heroic, but largely uninterested ~neglects trad. roman religion
181
what are the 2 ways of answering "were the people of rome better off under emperors or rep"?
via themes (grain, games and largesse) or by emp
182
what was the major challenge to city of rome before aug and why?
the grain supply:
- inc population
- pop. used to receiving the corn dole
-uncertain harvests
- pirate problems (oct defeats S. pompey easing this earlier)
183
How does the RG show improvements in daily life for the people of rome?
- 4 gifts of 300 - 400 Hs (250,000)
- donatives of 240 denarii to plebs (320,000)
- grain bought privately and distributed
- colonies and booty to soldiers (120,000 men)
- games, athletics contests, shows, secular and mars games, naval battles, beast hunts
shows good relations with **all classes of rome***
184
does the grenerosity of aug have suspicious timing?
arguably, always occurs around time of big constitutional change (fcs,scs, defeat of ant)
could be to appease unhappy people or more likely to scare senate
185
suet outlook on aug. improvements to rome and motives?
positive:
- reg. generosity to all classes, frequent largesse, cheap/free grain
- didnt do for popularity or self grat. but to help people; shared credit (agrippa - water)
- but someties grudging (called "shameless rascals" when demanded largesse),
- toyed with removing corn dole but didn't
- many diff. ents (same as RG)
186
how is aug always seen as father like?
he doesn't let people get too demanding and puts in place: in response to short. of wine, says agrippa made plentiful water and doesn't always offer largesse whenever people demand threatns to stop corn dole because someone would just try and bring back
(suet)
187
What does aug ban (game) and why?
troy game in response to senator pollio because of injury to youths (suet)
188
who else corroborates pos. relations between aug and people?
strabo, geog:
- virtually contemp.
- fire brigade (link to rufus' vigiles) of freedmen
- restrictions on building height (not comp. successful - later fires.)
- ample water, good sewers and disposal system because of agrippa
189
what were negs. of aug and people?
lose all political rights despite larger pop:
- no tribunes' influence
- no pop. assemblies power
- no local magistracies
tac: "**seduced** people with corn, army with gifts and all with the delights of peace"
190
What was the general view of tib and the people?
stingy:
- suet: "handfisted to the point of miserliness"
- Suet: no public works (no real need because of aug), no pub. shows - didn't attend those given by others didn't want to be asked for things)
- Suet - bailed out senators (but said would be limited): hortalus asks for aid and gets (tac)
191
was there any generosity under tib?
- public loan in economic crisis
- rebuilt and renames "augustan" a hill that burns in rome
- pays lots to troops (suet says this is act. just pay)
- helps asian cities after earthquake, fidenae
(suet)
192
what did tib cut?
what does this cause?
- pub expenditure for political stability
- cut glad shows, building programs and plays by cutting actors wages and limiting no. glad games
leads to pub. resentment - "to the tiber with tib" (suet)
193
does tib retirement to capri really affect pop. standing?
arguably not - according to tac and suet he was always weird
194
what contrasted gaius with tib
popular with people since he offered almost unlimited pub. largesse compared to tib's almost 0
195
what does gaius do for people?
(games etc.)
suet: (may not be overly full of praise because senatorial but still documents)
- glad games
- theatre shows with vouchers
- all day circus games
- spur of moment games
196
regarding construction and indirect largesse, what did gaius do?
- biae bridge
- shows abroad
- complete tib projects )temp of aug, theat. pf pomp)
- began aqueducts
does not directly effect plebs but contributes to positive image across emp
197
what does dio say gaius does for roman people?
- published senate finances
- financial aid to fire victs
- made new equites
- gave back elections (people happy "sensible" not)
198
What was the view of gaius after assassination and what does this show about people's attitude to imp rule?
Jos. saddened by death:
"had no love for the senate and they realised the emps. acted as a curb for it's rapacity and were a source of protection"
opposed to those that tried to bring back rep
199
What was relations with claud and senate like and what caused this?
positive. - unlike senate they had no issue with his accession:
- drains fucine lake (employs 30,000 men for 11 yrs)
- new port - stable grain
- aqueducts for more water
- "magnificent pub. shows", secular games
- chariot races, wild beast hunts
- expands circ max., brings back troy game, mock battles (naval, siege of village)
(suet)
200
who is claud similar to in ways he tries to benefit citizens?
aug, as with most things
201
who agrees with suet on public relations of claud?
pliny (contemporary (prob came first):
- more water, fantastic aqueducts (greatest achievements in world
202
How are relations between nero and the plebs shown?
(tac)
often regarded as tyrannical but positive aspects occur with people:
- aftermath of rome fire; opens gardens, emergency housing, food dists, corn price cut, building regs, careful reconstruction, lots built at own expense, tighter reg of water so more equal dist.
"welcomed for their practicality and they beautified the city"
(tac)
203
how does suet show nero-pleb relations?
generally positive, compared to wider portrayal:
- firefighting platforms
- considers canal/ wall ext. to ostia
- suppression of pub. abuses [sumptuary laws against luxury, christs. punished, chariot driving, protects. against forgery
- grain carefully manage (under rufus)
- claud agueducts and port completed
- 400 hs to people twice
- aid to campania after earthquake
204
what is downside to nero's pub. relations according to suet?
loses pop. support at end of reign (though tac suggests sympathies still there since people pretending to be him gained popular support in wider emp)
this was due to ridiculous attempts at suppressing revolts (raising taxes for prostitute army, enlisting slaves and raising corn price) which mant he was "universally loathed"
205
overall perception of imp popular relations?
positives and negatives for all, even tib has some positive actions despite pop. hatred
206
what to remember about sources discussing whether aug restored rep?
sources very varied - later sources probs. more reliable since can write with more freedom
207
What coin shows aug brought peace after actium vict?
denarii of 29-27:
- winged nike (victory) with palm (peace) and wreath on boat
- aoct with a branch in a chariot "imp. caesar"
208
what coin shows aug in a republican light after taking egypt?
denarii of aug, 27:
- bare head aug (rep. image), "divi filius"
- crocodile, "egypt captured"
annexed
209
What happens once aug is clearly supreme in rome?
he supposedly gives power back to senate and people (res gest,dio)
but doesn't really.
210
What are the most important parts of RG for aug and restoration of rep and what does it suggest?
- vs. 5 - refuses titles
- vs. 6 - doesn't want powers offensive to ancestors
- vs. 34 - "transferred the rep from my power to that of the senate and people" - had no more power legally than anyone else but they still thought he was superior (auctoritas)
Aug - restored republic
211
what does suet think about aug restoration of rep?
- does not believe that aug restored rep "twice actually thought of restoring the republic"
- he does actually have access to aug. papers when writing
crucially, suet doesn't think this is a bad thing as is necessary for protection of state and imp family
212
what does 27s FCS suggest about rep restoration and what was the actuality?
- "renounces all his powers"
- still has oath of allegiance from senate, army and west provs
- unrivalled command of armies
- powers of triumvir without name
- consulship
213
What does Dio say about the FCS on rep restoration?
more critical than res gest:
- more cynical, writing C.200 yrs later
- suggests all was a rouse with "senate pleading for monarchy... as it seemed, to accept autocratic powers"
- aug eager to begin "monarchy" once forced
- wanted to be thought of as democratic
- aug seized all pro
wanted senate to be unprepared for war while he controlled troops and finances
214
what actually happens in the FCS?
- aug granted 'aug.' and 'princ.' [following cognomens of pomp mag + sulla felix - republican]
- granted 10y procons. imp. over military states (spain, gaul, syria...) govd. by legates [pomp + caes get similar cmnds in lex manil, lex vatin - rep.n]
- senate to control all other provs. [show of willing to rep. dem - still no army though]
- civic crown [rep award]
- shield of virtue [gift from senate]
- continued to be elected consul [rep.n like marius]
all honours held in rep previously (not at once)
215
What plot suggests contemporaries didn't thing aug. restored the rep?
Caepio-Murena plot - 2 senators plot assassination according to velleius (were executed) and macrobius
resentment of aug control over senate
216
What 2 main factors threatening aug lead to the SCS of 23?
- illness
- caepio murena plot
and people sick of continual conulship
217
what acc happened in SCS?
- aug resigns consulship - friction reduced
- granted maius imp by senate - superior to all govs and consuls
- granted procon imp in rome, right to sit with consuls and be first to put business to senate
- given powers of sensor - moral authority
- tribunician potestas for life - champion of plebs, sacrosanctity
218
what does tac make of scs?
critical, since being under domitia, doesn't like aug
- presents aug as insidious with self serving motives, lulling sen and pop into submission
sententia, positive content but feels negative
219
what are the 3 main plots under aug?
- caepio murena - macrobius
- lepidus (son of lep) - vell. pat
- ignatius rufus (eques.) issue
220
what 7 things does vell pat say aug did for rome?
- civ and foreign wars ended
- peace restored
- dignity to senate
- courts, laws restored, rep restored
- freedom for man and respect for religion
- refused dict.
- tried not to be consul too much
221
according to sources, does aug restore rep?
- contemporary: yes, but were under control and fear
- numismatic and archaeological evd. also thinks rep restored
- later sources are more critical and claim aug didn't restore rep
depends on def of republic: if means common good, then rep restored (pax romana, stability)
if using actual democracy, then no
222
Which quotes suggests gaius is mad?
"make him feel that he is dying"
"let them hate me so long as they fear me"
"I wish all you romans had only 1 neck!"
suet
223
are there any positives in suet to counter gaius' madness?
his accession was good - son of ger, tragic son of tragic hero, lots of sympathy
- "dream come true", mass celebration and senate ignores tib will
- people just glad he wasn't tib
224
Where does gaius start getting mad?
after his illness, most sources use as a volta and character changer
225
what 6 things does suet show gaius to be mad by?
- fed convicts to wild beasts
- forced parents to attend children's funerals
- killed gemellus
- banished sisters
- executed some greeks and gauls and claimed to have subdued "gallograegia"
- liked to kill with many minor wounds
226
What kinds of ridiculous luxury does suet describe?
- drinks pearls in vinegar
- scatters gold to plebs
- built huge 10 bank ships
- built country villas
spent tib's 2700 mil savings in under a year
227
How does gaius' attitude to divinity portray insanity, what might throw this into doubt?
suet, dio:
- pushes divinity (opp to tib, much more than aug)
- possible response to lack of auctoritas politically/militarily so has to fall on divinity/family
- demands to be worshipped not only in east but in rome
228
What examples showing gauis' divinity does suet give?
- incorporates temples (like castor and pollux) into his house
- makes temples to his numen
- appears as a god and offering to sleep with them
- incest resembling olympians
- talks to the gods
229
what examples of divine insanity does dio give of nero?
- thunder and lightning machines to argue with gods
- places daughter on jupiter's knee and claims she has 2 fathers
- temple in rome, becomes self priest with horse, sacrifices to himself
- surpassed tibs "licentiousness and bloodthirstiness" - ambiguous to senate so no one knew where they stood
230
why do the sources corroborate suet with gaius' madness?
all upper class aristocrats who want to show tyranny of emps.
- suet and dio have same agenda; later senatorial perspective
- jos. wants to highlight depravities of J-Cs compared to flavs (and how offends jewish vals)
- seneca waned to teach nero - bagan with how not to
231
what does seneca say about gaius as a whole?
arrogant, loves cruelty, anti-stoic
- "mad beast... such brutalities his daily bread and butter"
- "arrogance which accompanied his cruelty"
- worked through night thinking up cruelties, depriving dying men of last cries with gags
232
how does jos. slag off gaius as mad?
- aimed to being a living god
- "madness (wretched fury in og. transcript) was now an offence to god and man... sacreligious conduct... to infect every land"
233
do we have any material about how people felt toward gaius?
mostly no aristocrats focus on his flaws and subversion of trad. senatorial customs, but there is some in jos:
- after gaius assassination, there is attempt to restore rep. people (and army) not happy they killed the emp without permission and even less so about this
- "people... had no love for the senate, they realised the emperors acted as a curb for its rapacity and source of protection"
234
what are the key personalities of the emps?
tib - tyrant
gaius - mad
claud - weak
nero - lunatic child
235
Who is the counter to suet and dio on tib's tryanny?
vell pat - contemporary who served under tib
236
How did tib secure power immediately?
aggrippa posthumous executed. -tib denied giving order (suet) and theres suspicion that livia or even aug himself were involved
237
Was tib successful in trying to accend tike aug?
not convincing to dio - appeared to be reluctant, hesitated
tac thinks this was to test the leading men and does not think he was being genuine
cryptic
238
how is tib's accession contradictory in both tac and suet?
- tac: rejects excessive hons (pat pat, etc.) but reinforces treason and maiestas laws
- suet: reluctantly accepts emperorship - hinting later resignation - but then calls PG to provide him with bodyguard (consolidates Praet. support)
feigned reluctance
239
how else is tib seen as Tyrannical or disliked?
Army mutinies in germany and pannonia - take adv of new emp to which tib sends 2 "half grown boys" (tac) to deal with the threat
240
why is ger. so important when discussing tib?
tac. gets him to act as a foil for tib as a kin of emp. that should have been so any admirable qualities found in him is probably a pitfall in tib
241
What did germanicus do when he got back from the mutinies and germany?
- sent to east by tib (jeasousy - tac)
- negotiated with armenians
- entered and toured egypt without permission
- gives out pub. grain without permission
- casts image on coins
- dies via poison/piso/tib
242
what were the 4 key themes of the relationship between ger and tib after german recall?
- ger. unhappy with recall
- tib doesn't trust ger - troops backed as emp in mutinies
- ger. popular with troops and plebs
- gov. syria (piso) to monitor him
243
how does sejanus become so influential at the end?
tib becomes more and more frustrated with senate - goes to capri
tac and suet say over this time sejanus gets more influence over tib
according to them sej. wanted to remove tib and become emp
"partner of my labours" - tac
244
how does tac some up tib despotic end of reign?
"emperor himself became tyrannical... or gave tyrannical men power"
245
What does tib. retreat to capri cause?
goes after both sons die and condemns self to all kinds of debauchery and tyranny in his own life suet: "utterly neglected conduct of state affairs"
- provs without govs
- armenia overrun by parth
- gaul attacked by tribes from germany
- exually depraved stuff
246
one of the most key indicators of tib's tyranny?
tac: treason trials. both tac and seneca conceed it was reign of terror;
seneca - "cost the lives of more roman citizens than any civil war"
tac - "a famous name, that threatened death"
saying anything was risky
247
what suggested that claud was a weak emp?
influence of wives and freedmen:
- use representative of senates' hostility and ineffectiveness, causing claud rather than challenge them to just lie down and get slaves - needs help, too respectful to ask senate
method of accession:
- found hiding by PG, stays out of senate for 30 days
248
what could be a parallel between tibs and clauds reign?
lack of help from senate - tib goes to capri to escape the "men fit to be slaves" whereas claud just uses freedmen
249
why might freedmen have been kept on and how might senate feel about them?
pallas, narcissus, callistus and felix were skilled in their various spheres; they were able to keep emp running smoothly
may cause jealousy resentment in senate - which precipitates through our aristocratic sources; dont like how much influence 'ex slaves' have over emp/empire
250
what was given to clauds freedmen for their service?
- felix made gov. judea
- gifts to pallas and narcissus; senate told to give large amounts of money with quaestoral and praetorian insignia to them
- pallas given praetorian rank with 15 mil sestetii - accepts only the title
251
how does suet show claud to be weak?
"fell so deeply under the influence of his wives and freedmen that he seemed to be their servant rather than emperor"
252
how does claud appear subservient against roman trads?
he is controlled by wives as well as freedmen, mostly messalina and agrippina
- messalina - promiscuous sexually
- agrippina - incestual marriage, manipulation of claud and promotion of nero
both have different relations with freedmen
253
what don't sources detect regarding "controllers" of claud?
the freedmen and wives were probs. quite effective and significantly lightened workload and brought in diverse viewpoints to better rule
254
What saving grace of claud does suet offer?
- largesse, generosity, games and improvemnets
- completion of ostia harbour
- grain supplies and aqueducts (pliny - contemporary - agrees)
counters negativity of weak emp dominated by wives and freedmen
255
Was nero a lunatic, debauched tyrant?
according to senatorial sympathetic sources, yes.
256
What were the positives of nero's reign and when did they occur?
mostly in the quinquennium aureum:
- smooth accession under acrippina's influence (coin, suet) - civil war between nero and brit avoided
- various laws, lawyers fees capped, denies honours
- gives aid after and during great fire of rome acc. to tac (usually hostile)
- very popular with plebs for generosity and largesse.
257
how does suet cover the great fire of rome?
- believes nero started it
- wanted the land to build palace so burned it
- sung fall of troy from gardens of maceneas
- fire relief fund "bled provincials white" and ended up raiding temples and pillaging citizens
258
Why is tac such an imp. source for nero?
he's a near contemporary - eg would probs. have known people who were at the fire, or else sav nero doing whatever he does
suet writes much later and doesnt have witness sources
259
what kinds of scandals do sources give to aud?
- insolence, lust, greed and cruelty (suet)
- vices (suet)
- sexual gratification/deviance (suet)
- phillhellenism (disregards roman vals)
- love of music/performing (suet, lyre coin)
- charriot racing. (tac)
though chariot racing and performance is beneficial to pleb relations
260
What are some of the greatest cruelties of nero?
- murders claud, agripp, brit
- influence of tigellinus (partners in brutality along with poppaea)
- mistreatment of his wives: octavia the innocent is divorced and exiled/killed, poppaea is bad influence but still killed by nero
- suet says nero started great fire of rome and uses to create palacial golden house
261
how must the lunacy and despotism always be approached?
bad parts from the sources contrasted by the approval of the people
"the people were delighted that the emp shared their tastes" - tac
