alc is ace republic Flashcards
(253 cards)
1
Q
what events/institutions could suggest senate was weak during rep?
A
- sullas dict. (plut)
- pompey’s early career (sal)
- pomp-crass consulship and pomp’s special commands (plut, cic)
- first triumvirate (plut, suet, cic)
- caesars dict. (plut, suet, cic)
- 2nd trium (app., suet)
2
Q
what actions/events might show the senate to be strong in the late rep?
A
- cicero’s consulship in 63 (sal, cic)
3
Q
why were marius and sulla rivals?
A
both wanted command over mithridates in 88 (prev. rivalry during social wars, jugurthan wars)
- sulla given mith. cmnd, marius uses sulpicius to attack consuls and transfer power back
- sulla marches on rome for first time to rev. decision
- marius fled, sulla back in command
- while sulla away, marius and cinna gain power; name sulla enemy of state - he makes peace with mith.
- sulla marches on rome again in 82, adopts dict.
4
Q
who does plut pair sulla with?
A
lysander, weirdly.
who arguably collapses the spartan system by bringing in wealth so plut may believe that by bringing in his supposedly good reforms, sulla collapses the republic - means well but not
5
Q
what was a key attack against senatorial power under sulla?
A
the proscriptions (40 senators, 1600 ques - plut) most killed for personal reasons/wealth not political wrongdoing
6
Q
what were the main sullan reforms and what were their aims?
A
to strengthen the senate, stop another marius:
- senate no.s increased
- lex villia annalis reinforced (curs. hon)
- muzzling tribs (no leg. power, no progress.) since trib under marius’ thumb
- senate control over courts/juries
7
Q
why does sulla’s ‘strengthening’ of the senate have an opposite effect?
A
he sets precedents in his methods for future undermining of the senate:
- march on rome (caes, oct, pomp threatens)
- proscriptions (2nd trium, later emps)
he is effectively tied to rise of pompey too
8
Q
How does pompey gain control over the senate?
A
- triumph over other romans and cooling in relations with sulla as result
- sent in to deal with lepidus revolt (no alts.); still not acc a senator
- intimidation of senate during spanish sertorius camps
- wrote to senate demanding money and supplies - threatens to march back (plut, sal)
plut.
9
Q
what does sallust say about pomps letter to senate?
A
- senate not grateful/unsupportive towards pomp
- asks supplies then threatens to march on rome and “with it all the war in spain”
suggests senate not as strong as sullan reforms should have made it
10
Q
where else does sal. show senate to be under threat?
A
macer speech (73) - encourages people to back pomp and attack rule of optimates:
- all elected senators have let them down through greed, corruption and tyranny
- pomp will fix this and bring back trib. power; champion of poor
11
Q
where does the pomp crass rivalry begin?
A
when pomp recalled to help with spartacus slave revolt and they argue over who should get credit
12
Q
what directly occurred because of spartacus revolt?
A
pomp and crass told to camp armies close outside rome to pressure senate to let them stand for consulship (cont. since pomp not entered curs. hon. )
13
Q
what happens in pomp-crass consulship in 70?
A
- senate definitely shown to be weak
- overturn most sullan reforms
- restore powers to tribs (sal)
- crassus mass crucifixion of spartacus followers (to show he beat them)
14
Q
what are 2 main probs in 60s bc?
A
- pirates rife in med (as result of verres crap gov in sicily), grain prices high
- mithridates cause probs in east, rome losing tax and trade
15
Q
how was the pirate and mithridatic prob solved?
A
- pirates: lex gabinia gives pomp big imp/army for 3 yrs - but completes in 3 months - (controversial because pomp just a senator and has lots of resources) CICERO SAYS NOTHING
- mithridates: lex manillia convinces rome because pomp so good with pirates, should let him at mith; imp for 5 yrs with huge army CICERO GIVES PRO LEGE MANILIA
16
Q
why was lex manilia so controversial?
A
lucullus was already out there fighting and pomp was still just senator:
- catulus and optimates against pomp cmnd because elected officials could do it fine, pomp had too many positions and will think himself above the law (dio)
important step in undermining senate auth
17
Q
why does cicero support lex manilia?
A
- prob election reasons…
- rome always open to new precedents - catulus was happy for pomp to do this before, why not now
- pomp is gifted general
- reason pomp career so revolutionary because senate had allowed this before
18
Q
Why was cicero’s consulship. a high pt for senatorial strength?
A
- begins by opp. rullan bill (pop. land dist)
- supression of cat. con (sal)
19
Q
what does cic. say in de lege agraria?
A
successfully gets people against rullan bill:
- populares not populares - promise expenses to ruin state despite making people happy in short term, act in ulterior motives not for pop.
- 10 lords of the world set up under pretence and name of agrarian land bill
- he wants to be a peoples consul
(cic.)
20
Q
who was sallust?
A
- became senator in 50 bc (after trib in 52)
- trad views but supported caesar - served under in civil war, advocated for consul in abst.
- morallist (blames rome collapse on greed, egomania, loss of rep. vals)
- wrote account 30 years after cat con (in 20s at the time)
- used cic. speeches as main source
21
Q
what does sal say in caes-cato debate over the fates of cat con plotters?
A
Caes. says plotters should have life in jail, cato suggests they should be killed (thought senate leaning toward caes) as if they had been successful
Plotters executed without trial
22
Q
what is the outcome of the cat con caes-cato discussion?
A
- plotters executed without trial (cato’s sug.); this would come against cic later (clod?)
- cicero awarded pat pat
- hybrida sent to dispatch cataline
effective strength of senate
23
Q
how does 2nd trium begin and what does it show?
A
- pomp needs land for vets and settlements ratified
- crassus needs comp for equites: publicani tax rebates
- pomp and crass initially blocked by cato; initially sign of senatorial strength
- caesar then forces together to overcome senate strength in alliance and becomes consul (59) so passes laws in trium. interests
effective senate hijack
24
Q
How does plut say the 2nd trium passes land bill?
A
- bibulus’ fasces broken
- dung over his head
- tribunes escorting were wounded
- people had now caught bait and were completely on side of trium
25
What does cic say to atticus after 1st trium takes hold fully?
- "the republic is finished" (59 bc)
- triumvirate "universally detested"
- blames cato for 1st trium. creation because they were angry about him blocking them
- "brought rome to ruin"
26
why does 1st trium break?
- pomp-crass dicey at ravenna + luca
- julia (caes daughter, pomp wife) dies
- pomp-caes rivalry after caes in gaul
- crassus killed by parthians at battle of carrhae
- pomp-caes on collision for civ war, pomp goes opti, caes stays pop
27
at the end of 1st trium, is the senate strong or weak?
arguably, increasingly weakened since scipio and the rest of the senate deny caesar's moderate demands that he and pomp should lay down arms - not just him (plut - oddly pro caesar)
suggests threat. by caes and trying to keep pomp on side because they had no real auth without his legions?
28
What did senate not allow caes to do in 51 so what did he do?
- stand for consul in abs. (suet) even though this was prev allowed for pomp
- caes heavily bribes curio (trib) and paulus (cons) to support him
- senate ignores Ant's veto and passes SCU on caesar which was his "pretext for civ war"
shows senate portrayal as puppets in fear of caes/awe of pomp
suet.
29
thy are caesar's writings important?
not just propaganda- show how he wanted to be seen at time and later
was the reason for popularity in rome - he made people aware of achievements
30
what does caes. "civ wars" tell us about weakness of the senate?
- pomp offers to help senate, but if hesitated and showed weakness, he would revoke offer
- out of fear of pomp (and army), senate unwillingly adopted scipio's idea that caes should disband and pomp not, lest caes declared pub. en..
spins around that pomp manipulated senate out of fear for him and really the people favoured caesar
leads to civ war
31
What happens when caesar become dictator perpetus?
senate is weak and impotent:
- rewards vets with land/money
- gifts of money/grain to plebs
- shows (chariots, beast hunts, naval batts.)
- reorganised calendar
- new patricians
- increased no. magistrates (could elect 1/2)
- laws against luxury/excess
32
What did plut say happened at the lupercal fest?
ant. attempted to crown caesar which leads to assassination
33
Why does dict. of caesar show senate to be weak and what could counter?
- he takes control of whole of rome
- senators do eventually band together in half assed assassination attempt
34
Why was the coin of brutus minted and what did it cause?
- shows brutus and opp. slave cap and 2 daggers (peace and freedom?)
- used to emulate legitimate power as a celebration of killing caes which could pit him against ant and oct. - the two people soon to be in command of rome
35
What happens following assassination of caesar?
- temporary amnesty by cic, ant and plotters, funeral for caesar (brut gives bad speech, ant gives angry one)
- plotters flee rome, cic visits brut + cass, dec brut threatens to raise troops against ant but doesn't
- ant offers brut. + cass grain supervisor roles (insulting)
36
what happens when cic. visits brut + cass at antium?
cic. ad att (eyewitness account):
- talks about lack of planning, how ant is in control and how despairing cic is with senate weakness
- decides caes. shouldn't have been only one killed, senate should have been called together and the people brought on side
- does not think this will restore rep - and is right
37
what does cic do after antium conference?
attacks ant in his phillipics back in rome, relatively successful:
- ant is refused gov. gaul (tries to take by force from dec. brut)
- senate and cic declare ant pub. en. next yr,
- hirtius and pansa then raise 4 legions and cicero brings in young oct with caesar's old legions to fight ant at mutina (oct gifted pro prae imp like pomp)
38
was cicero right to use oct?
- didn't have much choice since 2 consuls with new recruits were crap comp. to caes. vets
- to writes to att. that he doesn't trust oct because too many around him threaten cic. and co.
39
what happens at mutina?
ant goes to attack dec. brut. in cisalpine gaul, oct, hirtius and pansa go to attack ant
- ant defeated; flees to alps
- hirtius and pansa die (tac. thinks oct killed both)
- oct assumes ctrl over their armies
40
what are the consequences of aftermath of mutina?
oct 'praised, raised and erased' by senate - shunned with lots of legions behind him...
- start to anger oct by refusing triumph and transferring cmnd to dec brut. and lepidus?
- oct then marches on rome with the troops and raids treasury to pay them
41
What becomes of lepidus and dec brut after oct's march?
dec brut is murdered by own troops, lep defects to ant.
42
What does oct do after securing consulship?
heads north, reconciles with ant and and creates 2nd. trium with ant oct and lep
senate so weak they let 2 tyrannical triums form in one century
43
how does appian depict oct's seizure of rome?
senate ready to fight to the death until he turned up and in seperate groups, they greeted him with a "spineless readiness to serve"
senate are really all talk - weak
44
how does suet document oct's seizure of rome?
"marching on the city as if it were his enemy"
"if you do not make him consul, this will" as soldier displays hilt of sword
senate roll over; weak
45
what shows caesar was dear to ant?
ant denarius of 43:
shows caesar on one side and ant with mourning beard on other
46
What What 4 events/areas are sulla known for?
- rivalry with marius
- proscriptions
- marching on rome
- reforms
look at Plut 31 and caes' letter to balbus
47
what what 4 events/areas is pompey noteable for?
- rise under sulla and early cmnd (plut, sal)
- lex gab./man. (cic)
- reasons for and joining of 1st trium (plut, cic)
- reasons for and civ war with cae. (cic, plut)
48
what 5 events/occurrences most contributed ceas' path?
- early career (plut.) and link with crassus (ie cic. first consulship
- 1st trium (plut, suet) and consulship (cic)
- gallic wars (coin)
- causes of and civil war (caes. works and letters)
- dictatorship - clementia and reforms (plut, suet) and assassination (cic)
49
what are the 5 key areas in octs acquisition of power?
- early career and proscriptions (suet)
- cicero's involvemnet
- mutina, hirtius and pansa vs antony (appian)
problems: phillipi, lucius antony, sextus pompey
- reasons for and war with ant
prob most important case for growth of powers of the individual
50
how was sulla able to gain the power to shape rome for the next century?
he uses mithridates as a catalyst to gain power over marius and eventually implament his reforms as shown in his coin commemorating vict which allows him to march on rome
initially, most of sullas power comes from being successful general
51
what happens after sulla's 2nd march on rome and what do they cause?
proscriptions (plut) and reforms (appian) which comes about by sulla assuming dictator over people and senate which results in reduction of trib powers, reform of courts
both show extreme power of the individual and the precedents this will set
52
how is sulla viewed later on?
not well, caesar's letter to opius and balbus explicitly has casar state that he does not want to imitate sulla - implying he was worse than the total dictatrship that caesar created - emphasising his individual power; not that assumed by his offices but by his corruption
caesar says sulla resorted to cruelty and therefore he hated any link to sulla
53
what early on showed sulla to have extreme personal power?
plut. talks about how he "let fire dictate events" and about the omens and feud (sulla and marius) that did rome more harm than all of its civil wars at the hands of sulla - who hadn't even assumed dictator yet
54
What, overall does sulla do in terms of normalising individual power?
- proscriptions - power through personal vendettas
- marching on rome - securing personal power using legions loyal only to him and violence
- dictatorship - assuming extraordinary command as one man
sets precidents for all the populares (weirdly?) after him
55
why does pomp actually come to prominence?
because of relations. with sulla (plut) which cooled after pomp was refused then given a triumph (over other romans)
gives him push to take more political risks and powers
this leads to lepidus supression and sertorius command and at crassus. disgust, aid in spartacus revlt
56
How does pomp's early commands (lep, sert) allow him to claim individual power?
able to pressurise the senate and threaten them (ie letter during spain camp - sal, plut) which allows him to gain consulship without entering curs hon
tone of threats clearly show superiority over them without any legal power yet
57
when and how does pomp come to promenence after consulship?
after overturning all of sullas reforms with crassus, he is given command over pirates and mithridates with the lex gabinia and lex manilia (67,66) bringing immense imp and controversy since by taking mith. command he is removing lucullus
individual power heightened to almost emperor level stuff - this is what oct plays on in his settlements. - all granted by senate
58
What happens when pomp gets back from mithridates - what does this cause?
optimates emboldened- pomp prevented from getting settlements for vets or ratification
since crassus also being bloked (from publicani rebate) by cato and caes wanted consulship; he draws the 3 into alliance
3 individuals have complete power over senate (cause rep collapse?)
cicero thinks so
59
What do the 1st triumvirs represent in terms of individual power?
the 3 things needed to be extremely influential:
- caesar - rhetoric, political auctoritas, charisma
- pomp - military victs, expansive army
- crassus - sickening amounts of cash
oct combines all of these under his rise to principate
60
What external factor allows 1st trium to be do effective?
individual power is dependent mostly on the weakness of the senate/opposition
hence why caesar can pass extensive legislation in 58 as bibulus and cato stay in their houses
61
what laws does caes. pass in 59 and to what end?
- lex campania, lex agraria; land for pomp vets
- lex publicani; crassus equites rebate
- lex vatinia; caesar in gaul as gov for 5 yrs so can conquor gaul
- lex coriata; turns clodius into a pleb to become a tribune
all perpetuate caes. individual power
62
what comes from clodius becoming a pleb?
pleb - tribune - exiles cicero - gets murdered - forum burned in funeral - milo exiled
63
What happens at ravenna nad luca?
caesar patches trium back together, pomp + crass given consulship of 55 then pomp given spain gov in abs. and crass given go ahead for parthia
64
when does 1st trium collapse?
death of crassus at carrhae when loses standards and when julia dies - pomp marries a scipio and joins optomates
pomp joins the polarising faction growing further away for past 30 yrs
65
in civ war, why does caes think senate moved against him?
senate intimidated by pomp, scipio, cato and rest of optimates
either genuinely believes he's acting for senate and people to justify individ. power or else can convince everyone else he is
66
How does caes' coin show vict over alesia?
key messages of piety, clemency and victory over gauls, mostly using gallic imagery - either to wow romans with the foreignness he had suppressed or maybe for german dist?
67
What does suet show caesar to be doing when accepting dictator perpetuis?
looking after the people and the army but angering the senate (especially with policy of clemency towards opt. defectors and with attempted crowning by ant at lupercalia - plut)
suet shows senate as being jealous, sore losers?
leads to assasination in 44
68
What usually happens to individuals with extreme power?
senatorial challenge, then eventually wiped:
- sulla's reforms undone
- pomp absorbed into optimates
- caes. assasinated
except for oct - completely changes rep
69
When does oct emerge?
after assassination, against mother and stepdad's suggestion when he is adopted by caes
allows him to build rapore with czr's vets and be useful to the senate (cic letters - though doesnt actually trust) who then elevate him to tackle mark antony and create own demise
70
What does appian suggest in the debt to oct at mutina?
reinforces idea that senate only using oct to beat ant:
- when one is defeated, defeat the other , then senate to take 2 most effective legions to destroy remainder of caesareans and restore followers of pomp (republicans)
71
how does senate finally shun oct after mutina?
- give dec brut the triumph
- give dec brut and lepidus command to end antony
- in response, oct ,marches on rome
- then goes and joins 2nd trium at bonnonia
72
what happens at the battle of phillipi?
oct is not portrayed well by appian or suet;
the 2nd trium defeat brutus and cassius
73
what happens before the battle of phillipi?
- many landowners and troops angry with oct since he hadnt delivered promises made to them
- czr is deified so oct can claim he is divi filius
74
When does suet say human sacrifice was used by oct?
on the ides of march, 300 senators killed simply saying 'you must die' in revenge for caesar's death
ruthless punishment; suet believes he let a revolt happen to expose any secret enemies
75
how does oct share his supreme power?
Agrippa made consul designate in 38 as comes to the fore - oct always relied on him even through youth and well into his principate - shown in denarius of oct and agrippa
76
in 36, what threatens oct's power?
sextus pompey takes over sicily and beats him twice in naval battles
sext. seizes control over sardinia + corsica, disrupting grain
77
how does oct respond to s. pomp threat?
forced into treaty of misenum as the pop. was starving, though this is quickly ended when agrippa beats pomp at battle of naulachus (lep kind of helps)
78
what happens after success at naulochus?
lepidus attempts a coup, this fails so oct takes on forces and lepidus goes into exile
79
What did oct offer to his troops after naulachus and what was the thoughts of the senate?
senate overly positive to oct, offering gifts, titles an hons though still trying to get him to give up his extraordinary powers since oct was proclaiming that civ wars were over and there was peace
app.
80
when does oct say he'll give up special powers?
appian:
will give up powers once ant gets back from parthian camp
to encourage this, the romans gave him title of trib. for life, hoping granting an office for life would get him to give up the previous one
81
what does oct do once he is gifted trib for life?
keeps it along with his triumvir powers and writes to ant about it. - clearly playing senate for his own gain
app.
82
What happens at time of east west tensions between ant and oct?
- oct tries to improve city, secure grain, build aqueducts, etc. (app, RG)
- ant in east is doing - well - cleopatra, donations of alexandria, going native (plut)
eventually leads to the battle of actium
83
What are the dats and sources for sullas dictatorship?
82-79;
plutarch life of sulla - had access to sulla's autobiography, now lost
denarii of sulla X2 (victs against mith and triumph)
appian talks about reforms, caesar's letter to oppius and balbus corroborates both regarding sulla's character
84
dates of sullan marches?
- 1st in 88
- marius and cinna gain power back
- 2nd in 82
85
What does pompey do in the 80s and who records this?
- early career (plut)
- cmnds against lep, sert and spart (plut, sal)
- pomp - crass consulship (plut, sal - macer speech shows pomp's intent for consulship)
- verres trial (cic)
86
What was the status of the senate during the 60's BC?
arguably the high point of senatorial strength and also the beginning of its erosion
87
during the 60s, what events showed the senate to be weakening?
- lex gabinia (67), lex gabinia (66) [cic, dio] since pomp still hadn't gone through curs hon and wasn't really a senator
- bona dea trial (62) - clodius acquitted due to open bribery (plut, cic- ad att)
- caesar elected to pontifex maximus (caes, plut)
- 1st trium forms in 60 bc due to senate blocking pomp and crass (plut) - intimidation and armed threats
88
what were examples of senatorial strength during the 60's BC?
- ciceros election campaign and consulship (63) [com pet, cic - ad att,]
- rullan bill suppressed (cic)
- cat con effectively quashed (63) [cic, sallust] since threat completely obliterated
- pomp returns and is denied land and ratification, crassus also blocked by cato (plut)
89
What are the main offences to the senate during the 50s?
- caes. consulship with bibulus (plut, cic) and all the laws that come with it
- cicero exiled when clodius ousts him as tribune (cic)
- 1st trium patched at ravenna and luca (plut) where pomp and crass given consulship of 55
- pomp given spain cmnd, crass given parthian cmnd - caes 5 more years in gaul
- pomp is sole consul in 52 (plut)
90
What are the main deaths and violent events that occur in the 50s?
- tensions arise between the triumvirs and thus between clod. and milo (cic)
- cicero defence of sestius being tried for street violence (cic)
- crassus dies in carrhae (gold down throat) (plut) and julia dies; disrupting caes-pomp relations
- clodius is killed by milo, milo tried and exiled (plut, cic)
- seeds of civ. war sewn between caes. and pomp (plut, suet, caes, cic)
91
what are the 11 main events of the 40's BC?
- caes vs. pomp (czr letter to opp. and balbus, cic letter to att about meeting caes at formiae where he is stern - opp to greeting after civ wars)
- caes. dict. (suet, plut, coins)
- assassination of caes (cic, coins)
- rise of ant, fall for brut and cass in aftermath (cic. letter to att - "ship in fragments" referring to liberatores
- cicero vs antony in phillipics
- rise of oct at hands of cic (cic - dosen't trust when speaking to att, appian - oct knows being used by senate)
- mutina in 43 - hirtius, pansa die (app)
- oct march on rome (app, suet)
- 2nd trium formed (suet)
- battle of phillipi in 42 - brut+cass vs oct and ant in greece
- ant in east, oct irritating land owners by confiscations to settle troops - results on consp agains t oct by ants brother and wife, fulvia - causes seige of perusia in 41(app) aparrently oct lets it happen to find out who enemies were
92
what was the seige of perusia?
- landowners annoyed with oct for confiscations to settle troops
- fulvia (ant wife) and ant's brother start plot because of this
- suet alleges oct let plot happen to find out who his enemies were
- oct kills 300 senators on ides of march in response "you must die."
93
What treaties occured in the 30's bc?
- brundisium - attempts to stitch up 2nd trium
- misenum - oct and s. pompey befoer agrippa defeats
- tarentum
94
What significant battles or internal fractions occur in 30s bc?
- war against s. pomp - mostly agrippa vs
- battle of naulochus - agg. beats pomp (app -army not happy, ofilius speech)
- ant support in rome collapses after will is read (plut)
- 2nd trium ends (plut)
- Battle of actium in 31 - oct wins
95
What happened after the battle of naulochus?
- oct doesn't chase s. pomp because he wasnt a caesar assassin
- troops revolt because they see oct gets unspeakable riches from beating sextus and they want discharge and reward
- promised not to engage them in any more civil wars
- oct gives nice things, purple togas, crowns etc by offilius shouts that rewards for troops are supposed to be land and money and thats what they all want
- offilius was disappeared ny oct the next day
96
what is mos maiourem?
the ways of the ancestors
97
what events show the rivalry between optimates and populares in the period?
- sullas dict. (plut)
- pompey use of tribs (sal, cic)
- cic on the rullan bill
- first trium (plut, suet, cic)
- cic defends sestius
- causes of civ war (plut, suet, caes)
- caes. assassination (plut suet, cic) - effective end of the optimates cause
98
What lead to sullan marian rivalry?
- jugurthan war
- mithridatic war
- marius as populares, sulla as populares
- methods used as such
99
How can the marian sullan conflict be reduced politically?
a fight between optimates and populares to gain the upper hand regarding the foreign conflict and then supremacy in roman politics
sulla is traditionally the consul, general and designated defender of status quo and optomate gaining support for this from senate - reforms will later strengthen senate
marius uses tribunes (sulpicius trb. 88), street violence and the people to usurp sulla from position. Classic role of populares - secretly egocentric, wielding power of people and using tribunician assemblies to bypass senate
(plut)
100
how were sulla's proscriptions used in fight between optimates and populares?
they were initially to target the immoral populares who sided with marius, cinna and sulpicius but then descended to targeting men for wealth and personal vendettas (plut)
suggests optimates weren't always morrally right
101
What was the purpose of the sullan reforms?
increase optimate powers and aid senate, crush populares weapons and cause (tribs debased)
102
why is pompey instrumental in the populares-optimates conflict?
technically rose under an optimate (sulla's pet project until he wanted a triumph - plut), flourished as a populares (heavily used tribunes, advocate for their power - sal, macer , upturned sullan reforms, 1st trium) and then switched back again (married a scipio after julia dies, goes on to lead republican faction during civil wars - app, plut)
103
What was the possible motivation behind the rullan bill?
attack on pompey to stop land being given thoe his vets - populares crass and caes could be seen to be fighting another kind of populares, only ro be stopped when the optimates cicero steps in to help pomp and stop the bill
104
What is cicero's stated reason for opposing the rullan bill?
men behind bill are populares and these populares want to be "10 lords of the world" which wouldn't be in people's interests; thus they are not real populaires and thus the people should oppose the bill.
really, this was probs to protect pomp and the interests of other wealthy land owners whom this would strip land off
there are real populares but these men are basically demagogues
105
What could be seen as the extreme of populares policy?
the failled cat. con and how it aimed to abolish all debts
106
how do the optimates create the populares in the 60s?
cato blocks both pomp and crass leading to formation of 1st trium - most powerful populares alliances (plut)
107
Who can be used as a metaphor for how the populares treat the optimates of the republic?
- bibulus has shit poured over his head (plut)
- lucullus is replaced in the east (plut)
- cato, despite trying to fight eventually elects to stay away from the first trium
trium really opposes senatorian power and status of optimates (cic)
108
who does cic. actually blame for the ruin of rome?
cato. be gets too bolshy and pisses off too many people that he creates the 1st trium
109
What does the pro sestio speech show?
the factions between the optimates and populares faction, perhaps oversimplified with optimates as good and populares as bad
though it must be noted cic is speaking in court against nemesis (clodius) and he wants to polarise state and condemn clod.
he also wants to bring back pomp from caes and crass
110
in pro sestio, who was an optomate and who was a populares?
best citizens, highest orders, basically everyone who isn't a debauched criminal or revolutionary
populares seek a revolution and to overthrow the state - destabilising factor
111
Was the caesar-pomp civ war really an optimates-populares civ war?
arguably, one of causes caes wants to run for consul in absentia, marcellus (opt) makes threats and scipio (opt) wants to make him drop arms or be pub enemy
caes then turns to tribunes and passes law of 10 tribs to allow him to. run (plut)
112
what are the main factors to the civ wars?
- crassus dies
- julia dies
- pomp gets sole consulship and implaments a 5 year magistracies gap law - could be a get at at caesar
113
in civ wars, how does caes show opts to be bad?
claims that the optimates have pressurised the senate into turning against him since his letter of moderate demands via curio was otherwise acceptable
opts hijack senate against pop leader
114
when did the opt pop conflict reach boilling point?
assassination of caesar - rep/opt faction band togeter to kill man representative of the populares and are condemned by the people for it
brutus appears to remain as last optimate left after; trying to keep status quo of rep and show optimates as the good; seen in coin of slave caps suggesting opts brought freedom from tyranny and peace
115
Why do opts think that assassination of caes is liberating rep?
senate highly pressurised to give title of dictator perpetuus - which wasn't an honour in keeping with the mos maiorum and hence opts must champion against evil pops.
116
what laws were the prompt for caes. assassination?
very populares ones:
- cash and grain to the public
- shows
- rewarding veterans
all to garner pop support - maybe to become king?
117
why can brutus be seen as the last true optimate?
by 44, cato and pomp are dead and scipio ans marcellus are out of the picture
so brut and cass are the last ones left, except cicero who is old now
118
when can we say that the optomates cause is completely finished?
after caes' funeral since liberators are forced to flee before being defeated by the populares mark antony and octavian because they had not mobilised troops and so were unprepared
ant did try to offer grain supervisors role to get them out the way though (more human populares sympathy?)
completely gone by battle of phillipi end
119
what amendments did cic say should have been in the liberatores assassination plans?
- ant should have been killed
- senate should have been summoned
- brutus' speech should have been better
- should have got the people on side
- should have had a clear plan
120
what are the 3 staples of the roman republic from a politicians view?
economics, grain and politics all go hand in hand and effect each other
121
what 5 economic problems were prevalent in the rep?
- wealth gap, decline in morals and debt probs
- grain and agricultural productivity
- unemployment and slavery
- land reform bills
- largesse and soldier's demand for reward
122
which source best shows the wealth gap/decline in morals/debt problems?
what does he say caused them?
sallust, a near contemporary who despite bing an aristocrat does blame the richer (did serve under caes too):
- romes problems start after carthage; brings in love of money and power counter to rep values
- the decline in religious practice also caused probs
- finally sullan legacy (marching on rome, proscriptions and treating troops to well)
123
what does sal say about rich poor gap?
it was growing, but the rich still saw poverty as a conscious choice and a crime
124
(pre period.) what causes the economic divide between rich and poor in rome originally?
- expanse of empire - more slaves brought into rome reducing no. jobs available
- latfundii - wealthy taking all the ager publicius for cash crops while citizen soldiers away which causes insufficient land for poor farmers to live off; cant work on plantations because so many slaves
- rural poor flood into rome seeking work, end up as clients or urban poor reliant on handouts
farmers in debt because fighting in armies
125
what causes economic crisis in the 60s?
equestrian loan sharks call in debts (to invest in newly ratified east, because of political unc.) which lead to support for cataline debt cancellation policies
126
what supports what sal says about the worsening economic crisis in rome?
cic - in catiliam: simplifies cat's supporters into 6 groups, the first 2 being rich men in debt and the second being poor men in debt.
not to mention the sullan vets who turned to farming, were crap farmers and fallen into debt
manlius letter (cmndr of sullan vets) - given by sal - to praetor about to attack his force:
- explains why vets rise up
- "violence and cruelty of money lenders"
- pitiful and poor, dont want riches just want freedom; desperate plea for help
127
Why is grain supply less stable in late rep and why is this bad?
- lack of ager publicia - too many cash crops, not enough staples
- sulla abolished corn dole
- increasingly dependent on foreign grain (issue because pomp hasn't dealt with pirates yet)
128
why is grain supply stabilisation beneficial in roman politics - examples?
- pomp eastern camp and cmnd against pirates lowers price because grain more secure
- clodius makes corn dole free to 320,000 in 58 - making him immensely popular
- cura annonae of pomp
- suet says caes reduces corn dole to 150,000 with huge colonisation, resettlement and public work schemes
good for pops to garner public support easily
129
what comes of the influx of slaves after carthage?
mass unemployment in rome, spartacus revolt
130
what was the impact of the spartacus revolt?
- rural poor impoverished further when army marauded through countryside destroying crops, property and slave barracks
- many working slaves revolted and no one was there to fill position - owners unwilling to employ and pay
131
What did unemployment cause?
- obviously mass poverty
- increase in gang warfare and riots (cic. ad att) - clod and milo using gladiators, slaves and citizens
132
what were the reforms of caesar as dictator regarding socal and economic factors?
- heavy rewards of land and cash to vets
- cash and grain to people
- public shows - chariots, hunts, nav. battles
- reduced CD from 320,000 to 150,000
- forbade men age 20-40 to be away from from for more than 3 yrs successively; citizen farmer problem stopped
- dissolved all guilds but the most ancient; reduces cit. street violence
- 1/3 cattlemen must be freeborn
- laws against luxury
suet.
very populares reforms
133
what are the examples of land distributions/reforms?
- sullan land to vets using proscriptions
- cicero completely against rullan bill
- the rewards for soldiers were land and money - offilius
134
What kind of largesse did caes. undertake?
- as aedile, puts un funeral games for father (plut)
public whole pop as part of triumph (400 hs to all citizens with wheat and oil) - suet
- posthumously bequeathed 300 hs to each citizen
continued under octavian acc to res gest - important to gain whole pop support
135
how did oct accommodate troops demands for land and money?
- appian: oct explains that only way troops guaranteed to keep all land and money given by caes is to follow him marching on rome and for him to be consul - stop senate from squandering it
- app: troops unhappy with lands oct gave them so just took the bits they wanted of other people - oct was pretty powerless and despite giving extra gifts and punishing them, they continued and there was nothing he could do to stop them
- app: offilius disappears after naulachus (see other card) then oct eventually conceeds
"rulers depend on the army to guarantee them power, the soldiers depend on the men in charge to continue in power"
136
What are the 5 key motivations if roman politicians?
- power and influence
- glory
- senatorial authority
- wealth
- the people
137
how is pomp motivated by power and influence chiefly in the 70s?
- relations decline with sulla over being refused triumph; main aim vain glory and influence
- rebellion of lep quashed to make way for political development; promise of new power
- threats so senate during sertorius doubles and a show of power over senate (plut, sal)
138
what occurrances in the 60s show pomp to be motivated by power and influence?
- desire for the consulship (achieved in 70) - way underages showing supreme influence
- lex gab (3 yrs), lex man (5 yrs); offered extraordinary commands without going through proper channels - showing ext. power and suggesting heightened influence since he doesn't have to follow rules of mortals
- cicero's support of manilia - suggests he ius using pomp. power and influence to advance politically; it's recognised by others
139
Who is an example of a man seeking power and influence but failling?
- cataline: claims to be motivated by being denied consulship by wrongs and slanders, sympathising with the miseri and attempting to be a friend to the lower classes
- impoverished noble clearly seeking to gain back power and influence
- "unworthy men being elevated to honourable offices" (sal - cal letter to catulus)
140
How does the causes of czr pomp civ war show a struggle for power and influence?
- czr wants to stand for cnsl in absentia to avoid prosecution; seeking position of extreme power and influence to avoid losing what he had (plut)
- suet: czr had an "extraordinary love of power... he wanted supreme power"
- caesar in civ war claims reasons for fighting was to oppose the undermining of his dignitas by pomp and the optimates - talks to troops about seduction of pompey and wrongs done to himself
- cic: corroborates plt that he wanted to stand in abs. but isn't that opposed to it - doesn't know why the senate would want to stand up to him now after they raised him up
141
how does oct. pursue power and influence?
- speeches to troops: aware that senate is attempting to manipulate and use him but still sees this as a way to gaining power and influence (through ext. powers like imperium or sitting with consuls)
- help he offers is a pretence to senate and promises the only way to guarantee the troops money promised them by caesar was to make him consul - violence to gain pow. and inf
142
Which romans were motivated by glory?
- marius: "possessed by ambition and a lust for glory... those never aging passions" (plut)
- sulla: denarii issued after mith vict and triumph coin - portraying simple military glory
- crassus: reason for conflict with pompey was over who would get credit for spartacus revolt - just wanted glory and to be known for something other than being rich
- czr: regular dispatches from front in gallic wars recounting military glory and coins issued to spread this among the plebs
143
which figures are seen to be motivated by a wish to preserve senate auth?
- sulla: reforms made to strengthen senate and weaken populares and senate enemies
- cicero: actions against cataline and supporters and debauched optimates, against rullus bill to limit pops nad aid pomp (who had helped him gain senatorial power), pro sestio [tensions between opts. and pops. ,acts to defend ops] also philippics to get senate to remove antony to preserve self
- cato: actions against pomp and crass causing 1st trium as a show of senatorial power (has opp effect and causes biggest threat to senate - imprisoned by caes once)
- brut+cass: assassination of caes to restore rep and save senate
144
what are examples of romans motivated by wealth?
- verres: unsuccessful; prosecuted for extortion by cicero - points out verred id not an exception (whole senate motivated by wealth), used sic. money to block his election to aedile and intended to use 1st yrs profs for self, 2nd for debts + 3rd to bribe jury (cic)
- cataline: wants to gain wealth to regain status, wipe debts, proscribe wealthy, most of supporters in debt - ironically claims wealth causes rome decline (sal)
- crassus: wealth promotes caes and first trium, suse wealth to bribe judges at bona dea trial (against cic) -cic ad att [refers to crass as baldhead openly suggests bribery]
145
what are example of politicians being motivated by want to help the people/restore their power?
- pomp: macer speech (sal) wnats to bring back trib power
- czr: reasons for civ war to protect tribunes (caes civ war) because ant and other trib beaten and driven out of senate, in first consulship (59) plut says works for benefits of poorer classes, laws passed as dictator passed in favour of people (suet)
- oct: numerous gifts and largesse to the people, as well as agrippa's aqueducts and buildings (res gest, suet)
146
brief overview of czr's assassination?
- meeting of senate called, ant and czr (consuls, czr also dict) go to theatre of pomp
- brut+cass don't want ant in meeting - ant could save czr and not rep image to kill consuls
- trebonius stops ant from entering
- czr walks in and is stabbed 27 times
147
What happens after czr's assassination?
- cic chairs meeting between ant, brut+cass: decided that ant would pardon plotters on condition czrs will remains in place, ant and brut do czrs funeral together
- cic avoids rome (not inc. in consp. and wasnt aware of it - though some say brut called his name after stabbing) so doesn't help brut with speech
148
what happens at czrs funeral?
- brut makes prolexic speech, loses interest of the people, hence support
- ant makes passionate speech, shows czr's bloody toga and crowd turn on assassins
149
What happens after czr's funeral?
- brut and cass flee rome
- ant has support of army and plebs
- rep not been restored
150
What did cicero make of the assassination?
Ad att:
- acknowledges rep was not restored after initial optimism
- never speaks ill of 'liberatores' - calls heroes, etc -not murderers- thinks they did their best
- says brut's speech was crap
- "courage of men... strategy of infants"
151
what does dec. brut do after funeral?
goes to cisalpine gaul to raise troops against ant but doesn't - brut and cass disappointed
152
What does ant offer brut and cass after funeral?
grain supervisor roles, when they were expecting governorships
153
What do brut and cass do after cic meetin and what does cic do?
- brut and cass flee east to raise army against ant
- cic goes to rome and delivers philippics against ant to unite senate and restore rep
154
where does the title of philippics come from?
demosthenes' orations against philip of macedon were similarly impassioned and structured
155
what are some insults toward antony in the philippics?
- "drink sodden, sex ridden wreck"
- "try to make your brain work as if you were sober"
- "utterly loathsome gladiator"
156
Why does cic deliver philippics?
- ant wants to swap prov of macedonia for gaul (taking mac. legions)
- cic doesnt show for senate meeting to discuss; ant threatens to burn his house
- next meeting, ant is absent, cic delivers philippic 1 - little bit of praise (avoid civil war, brut cass deal) mostly criticism
- ant makes speech attacking cic career in response
157
how is the second philippic delivered?
cic goes to the country and writes a pamphlet, then distributes this to senators rather than a speech
158
What is outcome of cic's 3rd phil (to senate) and 4th Phil (to people)?
ant flees rome to take gaul from decimus brutus - still a consul so technically actions legal and cic's actions illegal
159
What happens in build up to mutina after ant heads to seize gaul?
oct raises 4 vet legions of caesar, cicen P-P.imp; hirtius and pansa raise 2 legions of new recruits
160
What does cic say about oct in letter to trebonius?
- hes an 'excellent boy'
- prevented ant from commiting "every crime and cruelty"
- still didn't really trust oct though
161
What is brut's response to cic's praise of oct for fighting ant at mutins?
writes letter to cic suggesting he's sucking up to a future tyrant
162
What does cic think he can do after oct defeats ant and why does this fail?
thought he could just erase oct, though oct now had hirtius and pansa's armies under his control and demanded a triumph and consulship
tac and suet both say oct killed hirt and pans to facilitate this
163
How is oct raised, praised and erased by cic and senate?
- raised: pro prae imp against ant
- praised publicly and in letter to trebonius
- ordered to surrender his legions, decimus brutus given the triumph, lep and dec brut given command to finish ant, brut and cass given eastern provs (oct's father's murderers)
164
What happens after dec brut and lepidus are sent to fight ant?
- lepidus goes over to ant, dec brut is killed
- oct marches on rome
- cic writes letter to planchus, gov. gaul: wants him to attack ant, identify with senate and rep, break away from bad romans
- planchus ignores letter, goes over to lep and ant.
165
What does oct do after becoming consul at 19?
marches north to ally with ant and lep, effectively creating 2nd trium - brut and cass in east, no forces in italy loyal to to the rep, senate or cicero
launch proscriptions and cic murdered
166
What are the main examples of courage shown by cic in the period post czr's assassination?
- chairs brut-cass meeting
- met with plotters after
- returns to rome to offer philippics against ant
- uses hirtius, pansa and oct to almost defeat ant
- reaches out to planchus to try and ket him to finish off
167
What are the mistakes by cic in the period post czr's assassination?
- wasn't inc. in plot (not his fault)
- fled rome leaving brutus to butcher his speech
- complains to atticus about how bad speech was
- tried to raise, praise and erase oct, culminating in him shatting on the republic
- failing to convince planchus and seeing him turn over to ant
168
Cicero's biggest mistake?
underestimating oct.
169
What happens while cic is in cilicia?
(51 BC)
- tension between caes and pomp building (was aware because chilius was telling him)
170
Why does cic side with pomp in civ war?
- prev relationship
- pomp and optimates closer to his 'concordia ordinum'
- czr had been declared enemy of state by time
171
how does cic try to stop pomp caes civ war?
tries to act as a mediator between two and meets caes at formiae
wants to side with peace but realisticly must side with pomp
172
Why does pomp want cic on side - how does he do this?
- man of principle
- pater patriae, rome's soul
- if cic is on side you must be good guys
so writes short but sycophantic letter finally offering to plan together how to rescue rome
attempts flattery
173
how does cic attempt to mediate with caes?
lette in 49 - flattering, saying the war wasn't his fault; caes was injured party and argues to caesar that he is the best man to bring peace between him and pomp
174
What is detailed in czr's reply to cicero?
- slight flattery
- veiled threat: if cic gets involved now, might damage his and caes relations
- "what could be more appropriate for a man of peace but to keep out"
- doesn't want to make enemy of cic, just wants him to stay out
cic decides to go with pomp
175
why does cic regret siding with pomp?
ad att:
- pomp is disgrace: afraid of caes, refused peace, fled rome, not communicated to cicero about plan to go to greece
176
why is cic physically late to join pomp's camp?
daughter is in labour, trying to mediate between caes and pomp, had to wait for caes letter
177
What is cicero like while at pomp's camp?
acc to plut, a mood hover:
- critical of pomp and decisions
- mocks generals and despises blodthirstiness
- ill during battle of pharsallus
- nearly killed by pomp's sons and only rescued by cato because he refuses command after pomp fled from pharsallus
178
What does cic do immediately after pharsallus?
attempts to reconcile with caes, who welcomes him with open arms
179
what happens during civ war after battle of pharsallus?
- pomp flees east, czr tries to chase him
- pomp assassinated by ptolemey's agents
- czr gets caught in the ptolemaic civil war, besieged in alexandria with cleopatra for a while (cleo restored, cesarian born, alliance made)
- czr tidies up client kings in east (zela- veni vidi vici)
180
When is the civ war finally concluded?
- after caes sorts out client kings, heads to north africa ro fight cato and optimates at thapsus
cato commits suicide twice?
- final battle of civ war in spain at battle of munda
181
What does cic do while caesar is finishing off reps?
- spends 11 mts in brundisium after reconciling with caes - forced to wait there by ant
- requests in speeches that caes pardons his enemies
- writes massive cato eulogy which is then muted by caesar's equally massive anti cato speech
keeps out of politics (takes heed of att: "give up flattery and be at least half free"
182
what does caes do as dictator?
almost no opposition in rome so passes raft of legislation offensive to senate (remnants of optimates):
- inc. senat no.s by adding gauls, plebs and troops
- reforms caledar
- building program (part senate funded)
- latifundia reforms (1/3 slaves had to be free)
- legionary pay
- vet colonies
183
what were the biggest infuriations to the senate brought in by caes?
- title of dictator perpetuus - permenant
- policy of clementia; seen as arrogant since enemies don't think they've done any wrong
cicero keeps out as promised
184
What did cic write to att about his true feelings toward brutus and cic?
after receiving a letter from brut (saying caes has converted to good party - the opts) cic writes:
- "where is he going to find them unless he hangs himself?" (ie caes killed them all - can't change his mind now)
- points out that brut's ancestor was one of first consul and he shouldn't be cozying up to a dictator
185
what happens at the caesar - cic dinner?
- to att, describes caes. as a 'formidable guest'
- quite pleasant since they were "human beings" and talked about literature and not politics
- very informal and got on when not political
186
What were the high points of caesars and cicero's relationships between 60 and the end of civ war?
- caes offers cic to join trium
- caes votes to allow cic back after assurances from quintus cic. he'll be good
- reconciled at brundisium where cic urges caes to forgive enemies
- nice dinner between two at end
187
What were the high points of caesars and cicero's relationships between 60 and the end of civ war?
- cic refuses to join trium - exiled by clod (who was trib because of caes
- forced to sing palinode (defend enemies) and pro sestio
- cic sides with pomp, caes threatening letter
- cic writes eulogy for cato, caes writes anti eulogy
- caes assassinated.
188
Why is the cic pomp relationship weird?
pomp is general, political opportunist, kind of populares
cicero is an anti war orator, defender of concordia ordinum and the cursus honourem and a staunch optimate
189
What builds up to the cic pomp relationship for cicero?
- trial of roscius in 80
- election of quaestor for sicily in 76
- verres trial (lex aurelia) in 70
- aedileship in 69
- praetorship in 66
earliest alignment between cic and pomp prob. lex aurelia (jury duty split between equites and senate, not just senate) - same time pomp was reversing all sulla's reforms with crass as consuls
190
what were the problems in rome in the 60s?
- pirates in med; verres didn't deal with them properly
- mithridates being a pain
pomp could solve both and wanted this glory
191
hoe does pomp secure command over pirates and mithridates
using the tribune assemblies, cicero only supports him in the lex manilia (when praetor) in 66 - he is silent at time of lex gabinia
192
what are pompeys possible motives for bringing cic into alliance around 66-67?
knows if he is going to be away in the east he needs a strong orator and political ally to protect him and his interests while away
cicero was not afraid to take on beiiger threats for pomp
193
why did cicero want to ally with pomp around 66-67?
had eye on the consulship and needed some kind of traditional/patrician support to bypass the fact he was a novus homo
pomp would give him mainstream supporters and ease path to consulship - pomp army may be useful for leverage should it be needed too
194
does pomp alliance mean cic will automatically become consul?
no. he has support but there is still lots of campaigning, discrediting catalina and relying on prior attainments to do
195
what are the positive points of the pomp cic relationship?
- cic supports lex manilia
- cic protects pomp interests (against rullan bill, against crassus trying to annex egypt)
- doesn't blame pomp for exile - blames optimates
- milo (on pomp orders) recalls cicero in 57
- cic gets pomp's cura annonae (corn management)
- pomp lex provincia (sneaky attack on czr) - cic gets to go to cilicia for a year
- civ war begins and cic chooses pomp
196
what are the negative points of the pomp cic relationship?
- cic defeats cataline and earns pat pat; pomp jealous of glory gained
- pomp writes letter to senate promising loyalty to rep on return and doesn't mention cic - cic responds in whiny letter to pomp (scipio and laelius comp)
- cic opposes pomp's demands on return and sides with opts (against ratif., troop lands)
- cic refuses to join trium
- cic exiled by clod (ordered by caes); when cic asks pomp for help, pomp runs away though back ent. of his house - no help
- cic not invited to ravenna/luca (despite 200+ other senators invited)
- cic forced to 'sing his pellinode' defending allies of trium that were his enemies
197
Why does cic refuse to join 1st trium?
believes in concordia ordinum - bit of kick in teeth for pomp since he thinks cic believes he is too good for them
could have been powerful ally, now a powerful enemy
198
what does caes do to get rid of cic threat when he refuses to join trium?
gets clodius to raft through legislation and prop exile
199
what does cic do immediately after siding with pomp?
slags him off in a letter to atticus before bing a total buzzkill on camp according to plut, despite ignoring cato's advice to leave when he got there
he declines command when pomp runs away and is nearly stabbed by pomp's sons
200
When, why and how was cic exiled and what did he hope while he was there?
in 58 by trib clodius because he posed a threat to the 1st triumvirate now caes wasn't consul
he goes to greece until 57 when recalled by milo on pomp's orders and writes that "our one hope id for disagreement between the triumvirs"
201
why was the possibility of disagreement between 1st trium. a possibility?
- caes and crassus was the only natural alliance
- crass and pomp had long hated each other
- while caes in gaul, pomp and crass were free to fight with each other in rome (via clod and milo)
- pomp was blocked by crassus from restoring ptolemy in egypt
- pomp jealous of caes success in gaul, supports the grant of supplicato (marking end of gallic wars before caes finishes which makes further acts. illegal)
- pomp increasingly becomes more optimates
- caes has massive prestige boost after gaul
202
how does plut show cic exile to be weaponised?
pomp backs the recall of cic who is hated by clodius and crassus and loved by the senate
milo (clod's nemesis) is used as the vessel for this
203
what did cic note on his return from exile and what did he do about it?
triumvirate weak and may destroy itself, which could be accelerated to restore rep and concordia ordinum:
- patches up alliance with pomp - getting him cura annonae (grain supervisor - quick pop gainer)
- issues pro sestio, attacks caes legislation in process (calls caes and pops happy criminals and him and opts depressed virtuous people); dangerous after recall recently
- accidentally ruins efforts in pro sestio as he says triums killed rep.
204
What was the impact on cic when the trium was fixed at luca and ravenna?
shock
205
why was caes. so angry after pro sestio?
he supported cic return on condition he would behave, assured to him by quintus cic, and cic had not behaved - quintus probs angry too.
206
what is agreed at conferences of ravenna and luca near roman gorder with gaul - what effect does it have on cicero?
- crass and omp consuls in 55
- crass to get syria prov
- pomp to get spain in abs.(cic doesn't like idea)
- caes gets 5 more years in gaul
cic must agree to all of these to avoid exile:
"sing. my palinode", make speeches for caes in rome and defend allies of trium (who were his enemies)
shows level of control trium had over rome
207
who are the 3 key allies of the trium which cic defends grudgingly?
- balbus: useful to trium, spanish, opts attempting to take citizenship off him. cic gives pro balbo and uses to flatter trium
- vatinius: enemy of cic, defend success
- gabinius (the one rom lex gab.): cic had personal animosity because gab was consul when cic was exiled and he did nothing. cic unable to defend successfully and gab is exiled
208
how does cic see defending the allies of the trium?
ad att: "swallow the bitter pill"
- "since the powerless do not want to be my friends, i must make sure the powerful are"
209
what is happening behind cic defence of trium allies?
gang warfare between clodius and milo, now crass is dead at carrhae and caes in gaul, clod is left to own devices
two gangs meet on appian way, fight erupts and clodius is killed by milo
210
who is clodius?
- collegia reimplamenter and gangster
- extremist, enemy of pomp and cic
- candidate for praetor in 52
211
who is milo?
- collegia gangster for pomp
- ally of pomp and cicero
- candidate for consulship of 52
- killer of clodius
212
What happens after clodius is killed?
- funeral pyre destroys the senate house
- rome erupts into chaos and open gang violence
- senate turn to pomp to fix this; make him sole consul for 52 (not dict)
- cic tries (and fails) to defend milo against pomp's wishes
- milo exiled
213
What does pomp do as sole consul?
sneak attacks on caes as he becomes more optimate:
- refuses caes (2nd) marriage alliance and marries scipio's daughter instead
- made law against bribery at elections (Caes fav. passtime)
- passes lex provincia
214
what is the lex provincia?
supposed to stop electoral bribery and extortion in provinces
- politicians would get big debts using bribery to get consulship; get elected; move onto a province; extort prov. to pay back debt; take more money
- lex provincia puts in 5 year gap between consulship and gov to stop this cycle
215
what are the downsides/consequences to the lex provincia and who do they effect?
- short term lack of govs. for 5 years
- stopped caes from jumping from gallic gov. to consul to gov which would let him keep imperium and be immune to prosecution
- cic is sent to cilicia and is not happy between 51-50 but still does a good job; missing the explosion of the civil war and returning to a mad house.
216
Why does cic prosecute verres in 70?
asked by the sicilians to do so since he was a god quaestor for them in 70 BC
217
What does Cic do as aedile in 69?
uses bond with the sicilians to secure more grain and lower price
218
How does cic get support to run for consul and who is he up against?
- secures support of pomp by supporting lex manilia in 66 so gets mainstream supporters
- up against gaius antonius and lucius sergius cataline
219
what are cicero's election tactics for 63?
- atticus' connections
- quintus' pamphlet (tells him he needs to avoid looking populares
- tear cataline and senate apart and discredit him (cat is a patrician and so are senators)
220
how does cic combat being a novus home and discredit cataline?
delivers 'in toga candida' portraying cat as a revolutionary radical and blaming 1st cat con on cataline
also defends one of the opts., piso successfully and is elected consul 'in his year'
kind of the lesser of 3 evils
221
what does cic intend to do as consul?
- protect pomp interests from crass and caes
- get rid of cataline
222
What are the 3 main attacks against popm while he is in east by crass and caes?
- rullan bill
- rabrius' show trial
- aid for ptolmey in egypt
223
What was the rullan bill?
- proposed by rullus
- any new conquered land to be given to commission to be distd. among plebs
- 10 man commission (inc crass and caes.)
- capacity to stop land being distributed to pomps troops (embarassing)
- cic kiboshes the whole thing to protect pomp
224
what was the rabirius trial?
- rabirius kills saturninus on SCU in 100; not a crime because of SCU
- caes brings up in 63 to test if SCU is illegal (extraordinary measure)
- because roman law based on precedents, if he could prove that ext. measure from senate couldn't stop this from being illegal, he could show that since pomp's commands were also ext measures, they wouldn't be valid and thus he could be done for illegal warfare
- cic successfully defends rab and pomp is not trialled for illegal warfare
225
What was the significance of aid for ptolemy?
- rebellion forces ptole XII out of throone, turns to rome for help
- crass agrees to help for cash promises
- cic notices this would give crass lots of power in pomp's sphere of influence; could weaken pomp
- gabinius then helps ptole later (which was fine because was an ally of pomp)
226
is the cat con ever really a threat?
arguably, there was no military support, no equestrian support and no support of political elite so it would have probs. fallen apart quite quickly
there isn't loads of evidence for the plot and what we have suggests it was ad hoc
still unsure what crimes plotters acc comitted
mary beard believes it's unlikely it was alla figment of cic's imagination
227
How does cic benefit form the cat con?
- gets given pater patriae
- generally well respected, saviour of rome
228
What was the cat con?
- cat wants to be elected with policy of tabulae novae (no debts) - fails
- in next years elections, cic arrives in breastplate to show cat was threat as he begins plot (oct. 63)
- SCU against cat and man. because of cic speeches (no real evidence)
- crassus gives cic a letter telling of his assassination attempt; cic uses as evidence and gives speech
- nov. 63 - cat flees rome and joins army
- cat's plotters still in rome get support of german tribe (Allobroges) but they turn and tell cic and give over all plans
- plotters and Allobroges arrested
- debate in senate: caes vs cato, cic supports cato and cato wins so plotters executed without trial
- cat plotters executed, army defeated at pistoia and cic given pater patriae
229
what were the 6 classes of cat supporters?
1. large debts, larger property
2. in debt but expect to come into power
3. sullan vets (manlius speech - sal)
4. cowards - lazy and incompetent
5. assassins and murderers
6. catalines cronies
230
what was the first cat con?
plot in 65 to kill the newly elected consuls and take province of spain by insurrection
largely believed to be a fabrication
231
Why was cic exiled in 58 when he was at pinnacle of career in 63?
- executed cat con plotters without trial (which was illegal). tries to justify with SCU but this was only passes on cat. and man. cic knew this
- cic prosecutes clodius (despite clod defending him prev. for execution of cat plotters) nearly causes downfall after bona dea
- pomp comes back from the east and relations aren't as good as they were (cic whiney letter to pomp.) so pomp isn't there to defend him - sticks with the trium instead and runs away when asked for help
232
given clodius would be such a powerful enemy, why does cic unnecessarily stand against him after bona dea?
terentia, cic wife suspected cic of having an affair with clodius' sister, clodia and he prosecuted to show he wasn't bullshitting when he denied it.
funny because in catullus' poems, she is named lesbia - as in she was a lesbian...
233
why did cic write whiney letter to pomp?
pomp wrote letter to senate before return and didn't mention cic.
cic also expected issuance of thanks from pomp for stopping the rullan bill, crass and ptolemy and defending rabrius
234
why was pompey able to be blocked when he returned from the east?
he had disbanded his army before requesting ratification and land for troops so had no bargaining chip
235
how did the optimates go about blocking pompey?
- opposition was lead by cato and lucullus
- lucullus persuaded senate to meticulously comb through every detail and thoroughly discuss pomp's settlement
- senate slowed down proceedings
- optimates blocked giving land to troops
weirdly, cic is on the optimates side against pomp - this creates the first trium
236
how does bibulus attempt to inhibit caes?
by making various holy days on which he couldn't do business - caes ignored these and hence the opposition was ultimately useless
though his discarding of these days would later become grounds for prosecution, along with bribery when caes was up for prosecution in 52 and why he was blocked for standing in absentia and had an SCU passed
237
what does caes offer cicero at the forming of the 1st trium?
- to join the trium (quadrum?)
- to go on a mission at state expense abroad.
he rejects both and is conveniently exiled in 58 after clodius is now given the opportunity to put forth his exile
238
how is cicero's exile brought about?
caes passes lex curiata - clod becomes a pleb - becomes a tribune - proposes law to exile any citizen who had previously executed anyone without trial - aimed at cicero
239
summary of why cic was exiled?
- cic executes cat conspirators without trial
- cic humiliates clod. after bona dea (for no real reason)
- cic refuses to join trium which sparks clod to act against him using the executions as a legal groundings
240
Who does cicero blame for exile in letter to tarentia?
- initially himself.
- more truthfully, cato, not the trium
he blames optimates because he expected help (named him pat pat)
the senate and consuls (galba) did nothing
241
What has happened to cicero by the time of verres trial?
- defended roscius in 80 bc
- been in athens to escape sulla (sulla dead) also studies rhetoric
- been elected quaestor in sicily in 76 (very successful)
242
why is cic successfull in sicily as quaestor?
- improved grain to rome without extortion and very respectfully
- rediscovered the tomb of archemedes
- good lawyer and man of principle because of roscius
243
when is verres govenor?
74-71 bc sicillians ask cic to prosecute C. 71-70 BC once his imperium expires
this is also pomp crass consulship year where they are breaking down most of sullas reforms
244
what is the "dangerous crisis in rome during verres trial?
- pomp and crass attack senate in reform overthrowal and restore tribs powers
- mass overcrowding in rome for elections, pompeys games, urbanisation, etc.
- courts widely viewed as corrupt (sulla transferred command of courts to senate, guilty govs. keep getting acquitted)
245
Were verres' actions typical and did cic exaggerate his crimes?
246
What probs does cic face at verres trial?
- verres highly influential and wealthy; will try and bribe and corrupt way to freedom and downfall of cic
- has very good connections; ie metellus, who is consul elect
- metellus' brother just got gov. sicily and may potentially stop witnesses travelling over to testify/ give evidence
- metellus' other brother just made praetor and president of the court.
- verres appoints hortensius (best orator of day) to stand for him - also consul elect
- jury made of senators probs lenient to verres
247
what were the main tactics of cic and verres during his trial?
verres cronies all come into power in january so verres tactics focus on delaying things until they can basically overturn it
cic is trying to speed it up to get him prosecuted before the new year (trial happening around august)
248
How do we know about verres tactics and motives?
cicero writes them in his speeches so their accuracy may be questionable
249
what are the tactics of verres?
- "set many traps"
- "bought the date of his trial"
- tried to get false prosecutor (niger) to launch case against him but cicero didn't let him
- metellus directly threatened the sicilians
- tries to occupy court with govenor of achea (fake case?)
- verres was congratulated by curio for the successes of all his friends and his probable acquittal
250
What were the tactics of cicero?
all focussed on speeding up the trial:
- presents case immediately and whilst rome was crowded (max publicity)
- calls all witnesses at once
- puts pressure in his speech on verres' boasting and tactics
- puts judge and jury under pressure; accusing them of prior miscarriage of justice
251
What does cic accuse in his speech against verres?
- using sicillian money to block his election as aedile
- attacks the whole of verres career
- paints vast picture of conspiracy against rome with verres at the centre of the downfall and danger (hyperbole)
- attacks verres' boasting: 1st, 2nd and 3rd yrs profits
252
What cic quote sums up the verres trial?
"here is the man, here is the case that will provide an answer to this question: will a court of senators convict a guilty man if he is rich?"
253
