Alcibiades is ace Greece Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
3 phases of persian wars?
A
- ionian revolt - Ath. send ships, sardis burned
- darius invasion - Persians defeated at marathon
- xerxes invasion - pers. defeated at salamis and platea
2
Q
Herodotus:
A
450-425
access to oral, literary, epigraphic and archaeological material
spoke to eyewitnesses (mostly aths)
“Bound to record, not believe”
Pro athenian, anti corinth/thebes (writing during corinthian complaint)
3
Q
Ionian revolt - grievances of ionians?
A
- loss of independence
- heavy tribute to barbarians
- cities ruled by tyrants, on satraps whims
- commercial decline (miletus)
4
Q
Actions of Aristagoras (sat. of miletus):
A
- Naxean aristocracy asks for help.
- Asks artaphernes (sat. sardis) for ships - 200 granted. agree to invade naxos
- inv. fails, tries to levy support for revolt after being told not to go back
- asks spt (cleo. refuses), asks ath. sends 20 ships (eretria sends 10)
- Hdt: easier to get 10,000 athenians to agree to fight than 1 spt”
5
Q
Hdt quote on importance of ships in ionian revolt?
A
“these ships were the beginnings of great evils for the greeks”
6
Q
Main consequence of ionian revolt?
A
Ath. sacks sardis, burns temp of kybele - Darius wants revenge (“master, remember the athenians” hdt)
7
Q
what exped happens in 492, what happens in it?
A
Mardonius exped - objective of sacking ath and eretria - envoys sent to various states demanding earth and water (hdt). - northern greeks oblige
Partial success - fleet wrecked off mt athos, attacked by tribes, forced to retreat - not as bad as hdt suggests
8
Q
What happens in 490?
A
Darius (datis) camp in greece resulting in battle of marathon
9
Q
key aims of datis exped?
A
punish ath. and eret. - eret. sacked and enslaved people sent to persia and settled. ath defeat persians and hippies (ex tyrant) without help from 2000 spts who arrive long after pheidippides message (carneia?)
Plateans helped though
10
Q
Who submits to persia during marathon?
A
Aegina medises, Eret. sacked
Ath had been fighting with Aegina
11
Q
Who were commanders on both sides at marathon?
A
Hippias, Datis, artaphernes - persia
Callimachus, Miltiades, themistocles - athens
12
Q
formation of greeks at marathon; why did they win?
A
Weak centre, strong Ath and Plat flanks to engulf persia - better armour, training, fight in phallanx
caught persia off guard with hoplite charge (1st time Hdt. has seen)
“run at suicidal madness” - Hdt
13
Q
treachery after marathon?
A
Alcmaeonids flash shield signal at persians - unknown reason - hdt
Shows pro pers. supporters in athens (mostly aristocrats)
14
Q
Contrasting personalities of Darius?
A
Hdt - short tempered, attacks weak little greece, makes fleet losing decisions, vengeful, didn’t look after ionians
Tomb of darius - ideal persian warrior, protects weak from strong, divinely chosen by ahura mazda, great horseman, unifies empire, fair, always makes right decision, social good
**PERSIANS DON’T WRITE HISTORIES - NO CONT. **
15
Q
Does Xerxes want to invade greece?
A
- initally no, interested in egypt
- uncle mardonius convinces him it’s a good idea
- Artabanus (wise) tells him not to, if hellespont bridge detroyed, xerx trapped and only Ath at marathon - they were tough enough
after, supremely confident, promises to burn ath, bridge hellespont, success in greece is gateway into europe - no one able to resist persia
16
Q
Who echoes artabanus in Hdt.?
A
Demaratus at thermopylae (ex sptn king) also presented as wise but Hdt would have no way of knowing what was said in private discussions
17
Q
How is Xerxes portrayed in hdt?
A
petulant, arrogant, hubristic, childish and puerile, contrasted with the gate of all lands which shows him to be like his father, divinely selected by ahura mazda
18
Q
What are the greek preps for Datis invasion?
A
ishtmus conference - agrees all command to sta on land and sea (481?)
Ath may be angry at not being selected navarch but hdt claims they weren’t that bothered [hence greece now owes them for not being selfish and ‘letting’ the sptns command]
19
Q
What were stipulations of Isthmus conference?
A
Spt in overall command
all disputes end (ie. ath + aegina)
Envoys to all greek states (inc. those on sicily)
Pro persians labled medisers
hellenic league inc. 70/700 greek states - unity
20
Q
How did ath get lucky before Xerxes invasion?
A
found rich seam of silver in near mines - invest profits in themistocles naval programme (200 warships - Hdt.) not a tax break
21
Q
What oracle was given to ath before xerxes invasion?
A
“the wooden wall shall not be taken” (them. thinks ships, some think just walls)
22
Q
Themistocles portrayal in Hdt?
A
positive, thinks greeks must use narrow spaces to defeat pers (straits, passes, etc). pelopps. still just want to go to isthmus wall
23
Q
what cities are abandoned and where are the new defences?
A
vale of tempe, thessaly 2nd line located at thermopylae and artimiseum
24
Q
What was the prophecy given to sparta before thermopylae?
A
Either a king must die or sparta would be destroyed
hence leonidas’ keenness for death
25
Why were only 300 sptns at thermopylae and how many others were there?
Either carneia, helot revolt or they were building the isthmus wall
300 sptns, 900 helots and 3000-5000 greeks combined
26
What was the population of the persian army ?
300 - 400 thousand, though hdt. estimates somewhere around 1 million
27
What was the plan at thermopylae?
block pers. at gates of therm, block at artemisium at the straits and fall back on thebes
28
what is the disagreement before thermopylae?
Phocians, locrians and peloponnesians latter wants to drop behind isthmus, former dont want to do this
leonidas votes to stay at themopylae and wait for reinforcements
29
Examples of sptn laconicism and bravery?
- dienekes "we will fight in the shade" - pers arrows blot out sun
- leonidas "come and get them" (weapons)
pass is only 14 m wide
30
why does leonidas send greeks home?
doesn't think they have heart to fight, keeps sptns helots, theban and thespians
hdt: thebans basically hostages - anti theban bias
lasts 3 days
31
who wrote thermopylae inscription?
siemonedes:
Go tell the spartans,
ye who read,
we obeyed their laws,
and here lie dead
32
Why is decision taken to retreat back to salamis?
land defeat at them.
persian forces hence press further and even into athens, sacking it
33
What was the key debate over salamis?
Themistocles - fight at salamis (where ath women + kids are)
Eurybiades - go back to pelop
Ademantus - retreat, Ath just "mere refugee" so don't get a say
Eventually, Eurybiades stays since "his chief motivation was apprehension at losing athenian support" (hdt)
34
who supported themistocles to fight at salamis?
aristidemus (rival, prev exiled) conceded he was right,
after explaining to eurybiades about plan to fight in strait, save women and kids and weaken pers. navy [so wouldn't get further than attica]
eventually eurybaides agreed
35
What was Themistocles' leverage at salamis?
Withdraw navy, abandon greeks and settle in italy
36
What is the persian stance after salamis?
Xerxes heads home before hellespont bridge collapses, leaving 300,000 troops and mardonius behind to fight the 479 battle of platea
Mardonius and Queen artemisia try to convince xerx. it was a success because he had sacked athens and that was what he wanted to do
xerx depicted as cowardly in hdt but evidence suggests he needed to quell revolts elsewhere
37
Mardonius' promise to xerxes after he leaves and artemisia's justification?
- Mard."I will make it my duty, with 300,000 picked troops to deliver greece to you in chains"
- Art. "if his design prospers, it will be your work... who cares if he comes to grief, you will be going home with the object of your work accomplished - for you have burned athens"
38
What is the trozen inscription?
Themistocles' decree to evaccuuate women and children, prep fleet - if authentic, contrasts hdt since it was carefully planned, not just a scraped retreat after defeat
39
Where do persians go after salamis and what were greeks doing meanwhile?
winter camp in northern greece - bad idea - while greeks keep building isthmus wall
40
Which hellenes help the persians?
Thebes give advice on how to conquer "without striking a blow" - bribery - and destroying **unity** that way
unity as a key reason for persian defeat
41
Where do persians go next year and what dealings occurred with greeks?
go south to ath (ignore thebes advice to go to boeotia - though still "firm friends")
Ath living on salamis were sent terms via alex. of macedon - rejected.
Sptns feared ath would actually accept so also sent envoys
persian gold sent to argos
Ath abandons athens again, angry eith spt because still only concerned with ist. wall
42
What happens in hdt. during build up to platea?
- Volatile relations between phocis (forced into pers army) and thessaly (persuaded pers. to massacre phocians
43
Who tells spt the isthmus wall is stupid?
Chileus (tegea) tells ephors that no matter how strong their walls, without the athenians - if they go over to pers. - the peloponnese would be invaded
44
Who leads spt. 480-479?
Leotychidas and regent pausanias for leonidas' son
5 ephors making key decisions though
45
Example of Hdt naming a source?
Thesander. claimed thes. talked to a persian who spoke to him in greek about his doubts of persian strength. thesander then told hdt
46
What happens at platea?
huge greek army, pers stays camped out of way - 11 say stalemate (greeks refuse to go to cavalry friendly plain)
greek supply lines disrupted, minor withdarawl; pers thinks this is final retreat.
run at greeks, greeks gave battle and slaughtered pers in camp
47
Why do greeks win at platea?
sptn training, hoplite tactics, better equipment and armour
48
When is persia completely ousted from greek territories?
Mycale (asia minor)
leotychidas wins naval battle by speaking to ionians in greek - playing on persian distrust
49
What are the 6 main arguments for why the greeks won?
- Ath. actions
- Spt actions
- other greek states
- Individuals
- Persian mistakes
- Greek unity
talk about all 3 phases in 20 mark Qs - remember to also argue against
50
What does thuc. portray to happened during the pentacontataea?
Ath grows more powerful, spt. grows more fearful as it weakens.
51
Why did Athens (esp. themis.) believe they needed to refortify?
Ath. had been occupied twice by mardonius in the persian wars (hdt)
Early indicator of Ath-spt tensions immediately after persian wars friendship
52
What would the long walls do?
make a spartan seige difficult since they could continue with imports and defend the narrow pass with resources held in 2 cities, with the high ground
53
Why Didn't spt want ath to refortify?
(4)
- scared of ath growth in power
- thought pelop as adequate defence
- doesn't want ath to be used as persian base
- spt needs to remain strongest in greece, thus Ath needs to be weak
54
Perks of long walls to ath?
- less likely to join pitched battle
- easily defended; immune to seige
- shows power and status in greece
55
how does the actions of pausanias lead to Ath hegemony?
"the athenians used the intolerable behaviour of pausanias as an excuse of depriving the lacedaemonians of command" (Hdt) - Hubristic and imitated persians
- decide to continue greek inv. into persia under pausanias
- ionians unhappy with arrogance + brutality, turn to athens (alienates)
- Aristides the just is more favourable (acc. to diod, thuc, plut)
56
What happens after pausanias is recalled for trial?
Killed by being bricked up in temple (diod)
"sparta sent no other commanders. they feared when their officers went overseas they would become corrupted" (thuc)
57
Who is Just?
Aristides:
pleasnt (plut), persuaded allies to centralise DL on delos, to contribute tribute with in means (set tribute) (diod)
58
Example of Ath spt tensions immediately after the pers. wars?
Diod. 11.50 - heltiomaridas with difficulty convinced spt not to war
thuc. refortification of ath.
59
Why was the DL created?
Thuc : "to ravage the territory of the king of persia"
defence league against **persia** to gain compensation though historical debate around ath excuse for empire
60
what were the 7 original arrangements of DL?
- ath hegemon
- treasury and congress on delos
- ath assess contribution (decide whether ships and men or money)
- Ath appoints hellenic treasurers to deal with trib.
- **VOLUNTARY MEMBERSHIP!!**
- Allies all equal/ autonomous
- to stand until metal bars float to surface of sea, also swears to all have same friends - or however long persia is a threat
61
Why does ath have adv ruling over del league?
over time more larger states opt to tibute, grows ath navy and weakens allies since no military/ experience - "the allies were inadequately armed and inexperienced in war"
since "the athenian navy grew strong at their expense" (thuc)
this is gradual thtough
62
In early days, who runs DL?
kimon, with a pro spartan aristocratic outlook - sees ath and spt. as "yoke partners" (thuc)
63
What were the first acts of DL?
Gradually took control of greece:
- Eion 476, pers. garrison pushed out
- 474 scyros in agean (pirates, not pers) - good for timber and minerals, in ath interests
- 472 attack on mediser, caristus on euboea - forced into DL
- 470 Naxea revolt. "first instance when an allies city lost its freedom and original constitution of league was broken" (thuc) forced back in and to surrender ships
- 468 eurymedon, pers fleet destroyed by kimon: pers not a threat anymore, DL doesn't need to exist. key trigger of thasos in 465
- 465 thasos. asks spt for aid, after pers threat neutrallised.
64
What did aristotle say about "those in positions of power"?
Ath with chios, lesbos and samos;
"as soon as they had a firm hold over their empire, they humbled these islands contrary to agreements"
ath broke league arrangements
65
Why is thasos (465) important?
- Dispute over mines; nothing to do with persia
- after eurymedon
- asks spt for aid
- spt agrees to invade attica - growing tensions - stopped because of helot revolt and earthquake to which ath helps but kimon is sent home
- ath leaves hellenic league after events here and being sent from mt. ithome
66
How did Ath deal with thasos?
felled walls, confiscated greece and generally subjugated it
67
Why is kimon exiled and who replaces him?
actions of thasos and at spt, start of demagoguey, replaced by pericles
68
what is pericles attitude to war, attitude and allies?
- doesn't want to continue war with pers
- much more anti-sptn
- views allies as 'cash cows'
69
what caused first pelop war?
thasos, humiliation at being sent home from spt, pericles replaces exilled kimon
70
What is the first pelop war in terms of events?
(5)
- egyptian campaign
- long walls completed
- megara
- tanagara
- Aegina - ath attack on
- sacred war
71
Why does ath enter egypt in 460?
to aid egyptians against pers (thuc)
"at first the athenians were masters of egypt but after 6 years of war this came to nothing"
72
What happened in greece during egyptian campaign?
- corinth megara border war; meg joins ath (good for ath because can control isthmus
- Corinth "concieved a bitter hatred for athens" (thuc)
- Attack on aegina
- Tanagra; sptn forces returning home after helping doris attacked
73
When does ath attack aegina and what happens?
Attack in 458, forced into DL.
always been pelop sympathisers, did medise during pers wars,
old rivalries with ath.
74
how does ath egyptian camp end?
in 454, ath battered by persians at egypt
75
What war memorial corroborates Thuc.?
Memorial of erechtheis: "these died in war, in cyprus, in egypt, in phoenicia, in halleis, in aegina, at megara in the same year"
Camp at cyprus diverts to egypt hearing of inaros revolt
76
Who did the Aths send to aid the megarians in 460/59?
youngest and oldest troops since all others were stretched on campaign - similar to boeotians at delium (thuc)
77
Why is treasury of DL moved?
pericles uses excuse of failure in egypt to decentralised treasury in athens - becomes athenian empire?
78
Was attack on aegina and support for egypt in line with role of delian league?
For:
technically aegina were medisers and egypt was against persia, but response was not directly threatening to greece
Against:
for all purposes, pers. threat was destroyed and league should have ceased in 468
79
What happened as result of 5 year 451 peace?
kimon went to cyprus, defeated persian and brought about peace of nicias (diod), also died.
80
What happened in the second sacred war?
Spt restores delphi to delphians, leaves then ath comes in and gives back to phocians - ath and spt fighting each other by proxy on foreign lands
81
What happened at coronea and what was the result?
ath marches against town successfuly, enslaves it and leaves garrison
in revenge, attacked by boeotians in revolt and made a treaty leaving whole of boeotia in order to get POWs back (thuc)
82
What were the supposed terms of the peace of callias and who records them?
1. all greek cities to live under own laws
2. persians not to come within 3 days march of the sea
2. if terms ignored, ath is to invade persia
plut and doid believe this - plut likely derrived from diod
no specific thuc reference though Harpocration says treaty is a fake. there is slight allusion much later in thuc but no explicits
83
what are the final rises in tensions of first pelop war?
euboea and megara revolt form athens in 446, prompting pericles allegedly to bribe pleistoanax to leave attica (after invite form megara) with 10 talents a year (plut) thuc. also supports bribery claims and pleist. is exiled in 445 before reinstatement as king in 427
ends in 30 year peace of 446
84
What happens with samos in 440?
Samian revolt:
samos gets into war with miletus, requests ath help, ath sides with miletus; 9 month seige where eventually, samos surrenders, war fine imposed, walls destroyed and fleet surrendered to athens
85
Why sas samos so important?
spt. swears to aid in revolt and to go to war with athens, breaking treaty - ath is not aware of this until corinthian delegate at corcyra debate says they prevented pelops from helping samos
shows the spartans were eager to break 30 year peace
86
how can transition from league to empire be described?
long and slow over a period of decades - indicative of a great conflict nearring
87
- persian wars: ionian rev, darius inv., xerxes inv.
- pentacontaeta: DL formed, long walls, kimon; early delian actions, start of 1st pelop war (thas, meg, Aegina, tanagra); prelude to peace (egypt, cent. of DL, kallias, pericles)
- C. 30 yr peace: Euboean, meg rev., deliphi, 30. year peace; reasons for PW (corc, pot, meg. dec. debate at spt, allied cong.)
- Archidamian: Crit. of peric, plage, death of peric; pylos, thracian camp, Nicias (fails), mantinea;
- ionian war: sic ex, decelea, revolts, treaty of miletus (412), alc, battles (abydos, cynossema, Notion); arginusae, lys and aegospotimi
- ath surrender
88
How did change in relations become impacted by strength and ability of leaders?
leaders during all phases either shape war through being shit or excellent or at least memorable
89
Key leaders of persian wars?
- Pers. : hippias, darius, xerxes, mardonius, artabanus, demosthenes (remember lack of persian history writing - monuments for kings)
- greeks : miltiades, themistocles, callimachus, leonidas, pausanias, leotychides, aristides, eurybiades, adeimantus of corinth
90
leaders post 479?
Ath - kimon, perikle
spt - kings and ephors; pausanias, pleistoanax, heliomaridas, etc.
remember plut is writing *biographies* naturally inclined to how individuals shape events
91
leaders during outbreak of war?
individuals between 461 and 431:
pericles, archidamus, sthenelaides, pericles,
92
leaders during actual pelop wars?
Ath:
nicias, lamachus, demosthenes, cleon, alcibiades, cleophon, andokides, thucydides
spt:
agis, pleistoanax, brasidas, gyllipos, lysander, callicratidas, Pausanias
93
What does kimon think of spt and allies?
pro spartan view, respectful to allies until exile (lead by himself) in 461 for thasos revolt, events in aegina and other allied states
94
Why should pausanias be in everything?
reason for more allies turning to athens and can use 3 sources to discuss
94
which monuments tell about persian kings?
gate of all lands - xerexes
naqs-e-rucsam - darius
different to Hdt portrayal
95
How do you discuss the impact of individuals on the period?
identify aims and objectives, ence successes and failures and the effects they had on other people and the conflicts
96
how does pericles start war?
- anti spt bias, not intersted in pers.
- megarian decree
- no respect for athens
- confident in navy
- keen for war with spt but not persia
- rejects spartan ultimatum
97
WhAt was the deal with aegina, how many times invaded?
medised 480
invaded by athens in 458
'defeated' in 447?
forced to be given up by ath (wasn't) in 446
invaded again in 431 at start of pw
98
Why are cleon and brasidas important?
rivalry acts as foil for each other, essentially only people in whole of greece (except pathetic allies) according to thuc who wanted war
99
summaries of later 'non traditional' leaders?
alcibiades - tease and switched sides helping/hindering both
brasidas and cleon - same but different?
gyllipos - mothake, good but corrupt
nicias - wet blanket
lysander - gyllipos with the bad bits gone, jesus
callicratidas - shit after lysander
Antiochus - chid.
100
Were "all of the greeks" free after the end of persian threat?
not really, as much as persia ceases to be a threat until around 412 when tiss and pharn go to get tribute from hellespt. and ionia, the DL takes over as being the master of mpst minor states, even in 424, perdiccas of macedon encourages and aids the thracian camp.
101
What does eurymedon stop?
threat of further invasion launch from persia
(mentioned in thuc, mostly in plut"
freed greeks of persian threat but athenian imp threat present - DL doesn't disband
102
main justificaltion for moving DL treasury from delos to Ath?
Egyptian camp, moved by pericles in 454/3
103
Who is main source for peace of callias?
Diodorus - plut mentions (prob. derrivative),
Thuc alludes to, Hdt says kallias did go to persia during reign of artaxerxes, Harpocration believes theopompus that "The treaty with the persians is a fake" since it was written in a later alphabet
104
Was life better under persia or Athens for ionian greeks?
Arguably the persians - given tribute stays same after ionian revolt, pers seem to respect cultures ect. it seems the only issue was that they weren't "barbarians"
whereas under ath, often attacked, enslaved, razed etc. (mytilene revolt, chios, samos, melos, miletus) and more trib. required
cit, chalcis on euboea - chalcis decree 446; Aristotle - when empire is secure, leader immediately "humbles" states and breaks constitution to subjugate fully like athens with chios, lesbos and samos
105
Wjhat is the thoudippos decree?
decree produced after plague in 424 massively increasing tribute to be paid
106
How does Ath. defend empire at congregation at spt?
"we did not take this empire by force, it came to us at a time when you were unwilling to fight on the end against the persians",
"the strong should take command over the weak"
(thuc.) - Allies dont appreciate how well treated compared to pers (?)
Counter:
Pericles (thuc): "your empire is now a tyrrany; it may have been wrong to take it but it is certainly dangerous to let it go"
107
Why is thuc. so reliable regarding cong. at spt?
would have had access/spoke to the actual reps. from athens who attended, would have got other perspectives after exile
108
What does hermocrates say at debate of camerino?
compares Concern for leontini and ath. concern for leontini on sicily with treatment of chalcis on euboea - happy to subjugate islanders on euboea, but should replant the people of leontini in hope they weaken the doric syracusians
109
What were the latter athenian and spartan attempts to win over persian support in the war?
- 425 persian message to spt had been intercepted and read by athens, later, persian atheno agreement formed
- Embassy just returned from persia in arcarnians
- Andokides - 424 peace of elilychus mentioned in 492
110
What does Andokides' 392 speech tell us?
both ath and spt knew that the only way to win the war was to secure persian alliance and use the money to gain upper hand
111
What are terms laid out by thuc in the miletus treaty?
spt sells out athenian greeks in exchange for persia funding the navy
112
Why were the greeks able to gain persian alliance at end of war?
darius now secure on throne and in position to expand via pharnabanus and tissaphernes taking trib from ionians and dardanians
alcibiades helped at time of chios and miletus revolt
113
Who is the main source for latter persian spartan relations?
Xenophon, thuc died in 400 and xen took over where he cuts off at 411.
Xen has varied life, ath background and pro spartan views giving him good nuance as a source
114
What were the motives of tissaphernes and pharnabazus?
thuc.:
wanted to protect trib for darius, incite ionians to revolt from athens and gain credit for spt-pers. alliance
115
how did ath react when suspected chios of revolting?
demand ships, recieve 7 since people didn't know what was happening (thuc)
116
why ath so concerned about chios revolt?
thought others would follow suit (thuc.)
117
what was main reason for treaties of miletus?
one months pay, initial 3 obol per day then one drachmae (thuc)
118
what had happened by time of xen. narrative of pers spt. relations
Ath had taken byzantium, spt working with cyrus
119
What is role of cyrus in spt-pers alliance?
Xen.:
- kept alliance obscured from athenians; stopped them seeing king
- promises to pay for war to lysander
- calicratidas doesn't like persians/sucking up to; cyrus makes him wait for troops/money, and call. decides they can win without pers support
- call. killed at arginusae (prob. solved) lys wins notion then aegospotimi and is besties with cyrus agaian
120
What were the 6 short term causes of the pelop war?
1. corcyra
2. megarian decree
3. potidea
4. debate at spt.
5. allied congress
6. sptn ultimatum
121
Why is thuc. valuable for causes of the PW?
eyewitness to most of it, iff not will talk to someone who was there
also gains pelop perspective after exile in 424
122
What were the long term causes of war through the pentacontaetia?
(10)
1. refortification of athens/Pausanias
2. Growth of ath navy and wealth
3. thasos rev, hoplites home from helot revolt
4. DL to ath emp
5. sacred wars (delphi)
6. Megara swaps sides
7. Rise of pericles
8. Attack on aegina 458, Tanagra 457
9. aegina not given independence
10. samos in 440
123
Clauses of 30 yr peace?
- Ath gives up nisea and pegae (meg ports at ist.)
as well as trozen; achea
- to last 30 yrs
- argos neutral
- allies at start = allies at end
- neutrals can go either way
- must arbitrate if requested
- no armed attack (treat. broken)
Ath give up aegina (doesn't do)
124
What causes corcyrean affair?
corc argues with epidamnus, asks corinth to talk out, favours epidamnus (thuc)
corc joins ath not corinth - ath sends 30 ships, cor hates ath even more
125
What happens during corc. affair?
defence alliance between ath and corc (433), leukime in 434 - ath win, sybota in 433 - ath win
126
Why thuc good for corc affair?
prob. at ath assembly when corc delegate argues with corinthian embassy
127
What was corinths plan during corc affair?
defeat corc with spt and turn them against ath, prob would keep corcs navy for pelop (2nd in strength only to ath) - thuc.
128
What does corinth maintain during corc affair?
Ath is breaking treaty if allow corc to join - they wouldnt, but corinth thinks as a colony they have right over corc
also that they shouldn't do this because they stopped spt from doing same at samos revolt and ath should return favour to stop ath-corinth war
129
how did spt get blocked from helping samos?
PL bicameral system, spt voted to help, passed into allied chamber and corinth vetoes - was solely spt. decision
130
what coroborates the defence alliance berween corc and athens?
inscription at acropolis museum comemorating it
131
Why did ath agree to help corc?
- didnt want navy in pelop hands
- useful since is near italy
132
What does megarian decree state and what describes it?
megarians dissalowed from athenian agora and all ports of DL
mentioned fleetingly in 2 sentences in thuc, gains more attention in arcarnians (aristophanes) and plut.
133
Why does meg dec recieve such little airtime in thuc?
thuc is pr pericles and decree reflects quite badly on him since pretty much all him
134
various causes of meg dec?
- Plut - meg farmed sacred land, killed ath envoy, was used to divert attention from peric. friend pheidias [sculptor] trial
- acharnians - aspasias prostitutes stolen by megs so peric. protects her interests rather than state [though satire, is contemporary and shows street level ath view of why bill passes - people held peric. accountable]
135
despite little coverage, what would revocation of meg dec do according to thuc?
avoid/ end the war
136
Why does siege of potidea happen?
pot wants to leave DL after sees brutality of ath and ath demands navy, walls down and hostages acknowledging hist. with corinth and fearing revolt.
appeals to corinth for help, sends force of corinthian volunteers (thuc) since there were corinthian citizens being besieged in town itself
137
What other factor caused pot and ath fear they may revolt?
Macedon was urging ath allies in area to revolt and ath was enemy of macedon
138
what did spt promise if ath attacks potidea?
promise aid, so when pot sends embassy to ath and achieves nothing, spt ready to go as well as corinth
139
what are the 4 speeches of thuc. coverage of congregation at spt?
corinth, athens, archidamus, sthenelaides
140
tone of corinthian speech at spt?
agressive toward athens and spt:
sptn neglect lets ath subjugate everyone
141
Ath speech at spt tone?
Can do what they like since because of persian wars where they did most
only in position because spt wouldnt help allies, allies begged them
admit to looking after own interests ad controlling allies but only in same way as spt controlls allies in PL (weak give in to strong)
Allies used to being treated as equals - dont remember the subjugation of the persians (?) - basically gone too soft. ungrateful
142
How does ath embassy end speech at spt?
threat:
"if you begin the war, we shall meet you in any and every field of action you may choose"
lets have it then...
143
Attitude of archidamus speech?
cautious, needs time to build resources since have no public funds, never faced enemy like ath before
144
how does sthenelaides counter arc.?
says attack on spt allies is like attack on spt,
bad record with spt and ath, should help allies as victims of ath and urges spts to vote for war - which they do.
145
how does allied congress come about and how is it recorded?
since passed through sptn apella chamber, passes to allies to vote
**example of thuc not being at a speech but able to speak to reps there after exile and get good picture of speeches**
strats mentioned at congress actually happens in war **is this hindsight on thuc. part?** - still. useful
146
Who speaks at allied congress?
corinth mostly, says people who have dealt with ath know they need to be on guard; all cities should fear ath, not just costal; does want peace, but to protect peace must fight
147
what does corinthian at allied congress say ath allies of ath are doing?
"never stop bringing in contributions to maintain their own slavery" - another example that it is allies fault for not stopping ath and spt fault for inactivity
will not stop subduing, soon all will be conquored
148
What is detailed in corinth speech at allied congress?
strategies to take out athens:
- how to cause revolts
- build pelop navy
- stop ath (dictator city)
- use epiticismos
149
What are the terms of the spartan ultimatum?
- exile pericles
- ende siege of pot
- aegina independence
- end megarian decree
flat refusal
150
What are terms of second spt ultimatum?
"spt wants peace. peace is still an option if you give the greeks their freedom" - ath debates, pericles speaks for war because giving in makes ath look weak and spt broken peace already by not using arbitration (flat order instead)
151
Reasons for ath being behind war?
- expansion under peric.
- tensions since pers wars and aegina attack
- peric attitude to spt
- peric meg dec
- corcyra debate
- potidea
- rhetoric in debate; unapologetic
- refuse ultimatum
152
reasons spt is blame for war?
- reluctance after pers wars
- tensions with ath
- enc. samos revolt and thasos
- corinth says do nothing
- make too much of megarian decree? - admits around time of peace of nicias 421
- actually vote for war
153
why other greeks to blame for war?
- corinthian agression
- ath allies for lack of resistance (chalc decrree)
- dispute over delphi (sacred war 448)
- aeginas motion at debate at spt
- megara swapps sides lots
- corcs know what were doing when appealed to ath for help
154
What was sptn strategy for archidamian war?
draw ath into pitched battle:
- better land army
- thought would be quick war
- aim for entire defeat of athens
- engage in annual attic invasions - burn crops ish
155
Ath strategy foe War?
- exhaust sparta, dont need complete defeat of spt
- best navy, most resources,
- knew war would last long time
- island fortress (long walls) strategy
- impossible to put under siege, could still import from abroad if attica invaded
156
problems with 'island fortress strat?
ath vulnerable to plague etc. - high pop quarentine- though good for short term
157
consequence of 2nd attic invasion?
plague ravages ath in 430, people blame pericles:
"you attack me for having spoken in favour of war and yourself for having voted for it"
ask to send embassy to spt to sue for peace
peric summoned to give excuse for actions at **funeral oration** on cherimichos
158
What does peric say in funeral oration about his involvement in misfortune?
- aware he was a scape goat, had persuaded people to go to war and knew they blamed him
- not his fault, plague unpredictable; ath is democracy - they voted too he is not dictator; the first sign of misfortune is anger - criticise for plague so praise him for all other positive things out of control (sunny day?)
159
What is tone of peric funeral speech?
pep talk and telling off:
- great empire, navy, deserved because of persian wars, naturally superior (courage, intelligence to opponents and controlled seas
- do not give up empire: dangerous to because is great but a tyranny, wrong to take it, huge burden, people hate them snd envy them but get over it
- justifying emp to people like delegates at debate at spt in 432
160
what happened to peric after the oration?
fined, then gets influence back (thuc)
then dies
161
What happens when peric dies?
break peric policy, expand empire, go on attack, demagogues whip up people
people selfish
162
What were the outcomes of the plague?
1/3 of all athenians (inc hoplites) die
peric dies in 429
Military and navy weakened
many aths. lose faith in war
shows weakness of "island fortress strat"
163
What is the thoudippos decree?
harsh decree demanding increased tribute in 425/4 showing dire economic situation of ath because of plague
demands **1500 talents instead of the original 460** from listed cities
example of harsh treatment of allies
corroborated by plut - contrasts aristides justness with later demagogues who raised trib
164
Why does plut suggest tribute to ath was raised?
trivial stuff, statues, games shows and distributions - ie ath was improved by the suffering of the allies and nobody saw military adv of it
165
How does pylos begin?
demosthenes sees is unoccupied so sets up forts to encourage helot revolts.
spt then occupy sphacteria, trapped by athenian fleet and captured (292, 125 officers)
166
how does pylos end?
after capture, spt requests peace terms (oliganthropia)
cleon rejects peace deal, sptns surrender -taken back to athens
167
archaeological evidence for ath vict at pylos?
sptn shield found, battered with scratched inscription:
athenians took this from the lacedaemonians on Pylos
168
What was going on at the same time as pylos?
ath trying to gain pers support in peace of epilycos in 424
in acharnians persian embassy is sent to pers just before
169
What is prompted by defeat at pylos?
Brasidas' thracian campaign:
700 helots taken north to incite rebellion to starve ath of tribute, timber and grain at whim of perdiccas of macedon
170
how is brasidas portrayed in thuc and what does he do?
positively - to justify thuc. defeat by him
- took helots and mercenaries to start revolts in north
- took amphipolis in 424 - thuc fuck up
- cleon exiled thuc for said fuck up
- cleon takes athenian force to attack brasidas, retakes scione, both die at amphipolis in 422 - **opens up possibility of peace**
171
Why was brasidas so bad for ath?
- took amphipolis - good timber, location
- fair and "allies begged him to march on their territory" - feared revolts
- first time spt actually made an effort
172
How is brasidas comp slowed?
- 1 year peace in 423
- spt refuses reinforcements because wants end of war and POWs back
173
How is cleon portrayed in thuc, aristophanes and plut?
incompetent coward - thuc shows him to be killed by being stabbed in back running away
epitome of demagogue
174
what happens as result of cleon and brasidas deaths?
peace of nicias
corinth hates this and doesn't sign - tries to persuade argos to ally with ath
thuc doesnt think this is a real peace since not everything is given back and there is still fighting and truces - says he is glad of exile because gives him better view
175
What are terms of peace of nicias?
- ath and spt allies for 50 years
- could make amendments later if both agreed
- give back territories
176
did athens not want peace treaty?
some, under alcibiades, were opposed to peace; pissed at spartans not going through him for peace because of family connections
persuades ath to ally with argos, becomes more badass from there
177
Why was peace of nicias a failiure?
(6)
- sptn allies do not accept the treaty
- amphipolis not returned to ath
- pylos not returned to spt
- corinth encouraged cities to break treaty (and secretly ath-arg alliance
- mantinea in 418 (ath, elis argos and mantinea vs spt - spt wins)
178
Why dont sptns want ath to rebuild walls?
acts as status symbol, threatens sptn power, sptn army wouldn't be able to harm ath during a siege
pelop perfectly defensible, soesnt want ath to be used as persian stronghold (again)
wants to keep ath weak in greece
179
how did the pentecontaetia make athens more powerful?
- more fear in spt
- greater military force, reputation
- more tribute, amassed wealth
- allies weaker while ath stronger (naxos/thasos)
slow moving
180
summarise thasos revolt in 8 points:
1. dispute over mines with ath
2. revolts after eurymedon
3. asks spt for aid
4. spt agrees (ath unaware)
5. helot rev. and earthquake stops spt aid
6. kimon sends help to spt with helot rev.
7. hoplites sent home
8. ath annihilates thasos
181
3 qualities of peric views?
- anti sptn (not like kimon)
- disinterested with pers wars
- sees allies as cash cows
182
183
why was aegina attacked in 458?
no reason, helped ath at salamis (before medising) - but was a PL sympathiser
184
what 2 events caused tanagra?
invasion of aegina, defection of megara
helped along by completion of long walls
185
Did spt. ath tensions cause PW?
- peric bribes pleist to bring peace (no)
- ath is provocative at apella in 432 (yes)
- archidamus at spt is cautious in 432 (no)
- sthenelaides is bellicose (yes)
186
What are attitudes to war after peric. death?
- cleon - aggressive
- brasidas - aggressive
- nicias - wet lettuce
- gylippus - aggressive
- lysander - aggressive
187
when does ionian war start?
after sicilian disaster
188
what was the ath people's reaction to failiure at sicily?
initially didnt believe it, then got angry ant turned against public speakers who voted for it
189
what were thuc. consequences of sic. failure?
- alc. defects so spt occupies decelea (under agis)
- cattle and livestock from decelea lost, trade now had to go round sunium
- 20000 slaves dessert silver mines at laureum - economic crash
- ath is short of money, allies refusing tribute so replaced with 5% import export tax on goods coming or going by sea
190
why did chios and miletus revolt?
chios was in negotiations with spt for revolt, miletus was encouraged by alcibiades, this was followed by the miletus treaties which granted pers gold to spt
191
why was tissaphernes not that great?
± alc tries to get him to make alliance with ath, doesnt
± feared spt more than ath because spt has more ships
± PL members had disssagreement because tiss. was promised all territories ever belonging to king - boeotia, thessaly and ionia
± Sptns thought was collaborating eith ath because he collected phoenician fleet and didnt deliver it
192
Why was Xen exilled from ath?
potential dispute at trial of socrates?
193
why are oligarchic and democratic coups so important?
aths killing aths at key stage in war - really bad
194
what are the 8 reasons for athenian defeat after PW?
1. death of pericles early
2. aggressive strat after peric death
3. sic. ex.
4. Revolt of ath allies
5. pers assistance to spt
6. sptn actions
7. ath leadership issues
8. ath people!
195
how much does democracy vs oligarchy impact conflict in period?
(plan)
- ath democracy, spt oligarchy - exp how contribute to aims
- ath want to control allies (rebellions, trib; economic int.) - political ideologies good way to do this
- Counter - spt doesnt want war, corinth makes
- Counter - samian rebellion; pelop league voting system used against spt
- Thuc contrast between ath and spt in bk 1
- ath involvement in sic and effects; ath and spt attempts to impose dem/ oligin other states after battles
- conc of conflict, attempts of imposing olig on ath; lysander and the decarchies (?)
195
what makes up for no tribute in pelop league?
all of PL have same political system so more stable than DL
196
why is PL healthier than DL?
PL closer to equals - corinth regularly crit. spt.
DL allies more like subjects, ideas quashed and more likely to revolt
197
Why did thuc say ath lost allied support?
"severe and exacting" not same popular leaders at end of the persian wars:
eg. : naxos, thasos, aegina, treasury
potidea, thoudippos, chalcis decree
198
what does thuc make of democracy?
"what more can be said for a system which is largely acknowledged as absurd?
thinks pericles was better than demagoguey
199
What do PL allies have that DL dont?
autonomy. they can actually speak their mind to spt and dont revolt, because you cant revolt from something that doesnt give a shit if youre in or not
200
What does the failure at sicily represent?
beginning of athenian downfall,complete break from periclean strategy
201
where did the sic ex come from?
segesta already ally of ath gets into conflict with sellinunte which was on the side of syracuse (dorian, PL ally).
leontini also in conflict (with syracuse) both ask ath for aid with promise mission could be funded by wealth in sicily - sends cash to tempt
202
nicias view on sic ex?
lost perstige after failed peace, against war, pro peace tells need ridiculous no. ships to dissuade, fails when everyone gets excited
203
Whow does alc convince people for sic ex?
promise wealth, rewards and resources that can stop spt
204
how does thuc describe the sic ex force?
most costly, finest looking that ever set sail - high hopes
205
What shitty things happened before exp?
lined up with fest od Adonis (loss of youth) - bad omen
desecration of hermae - phalli broken off, blamed on alcibiades and andokides
206
What were 3 diff. strats of generals at sicily?
-nicias just wanted to sail round and show strength and return
-lamachus wanted to do surprise attack on syracuse but was ignored because of status issue
-alcibiades - worst plan- make alliances with all towns of sicily then attack syracuse when allienate
ath picks alc despite recalling him for trial
207
what causes debate at camerina?
ath sends messages out across sicily and calls them all here
208
What happened at debate of camerina before inv od syracuse?
cam asks ath for aid against syracuse, suggests if taken by syra, would be a danger to ath
discussion between athenian euphemus and syracusian hermocrates
hermocrates: ath not to be trusted - why would they be subjecting chalcis and 'helping' leontini?
(chalcis is leontini's mother so care must be a pretence)
209
what were the mistakes of nicias at sicily?
1. wall warefare failed since syracuse built counter wall with gylp. and supplies still go tin
2. ath took too long to send demosthenes and reinforcements (5000 troops, 73 ships) and refused to recall
3. after defeat in grt. harbour, nic. refused to retreat due to lunar eclipse
210
what were good bits of gyllipos in sicily?
211
