Alcohol Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
BAC 0.03
A
Slight euphoria
2
Q
0.06
A
warmth
relaxation
euphoria
3
Q
0.09
A
Noticeable behaviour impairment
4
Q
0.12
A
Substantial impairment
5
Q
0.19
A
Gross motor impairment
6
Q
0.2
A
Vomiting
Trouble walking
7
Q
0.25
A
Blackouts
8
Q
0.3
A
Passed out
9
Q
0.35
A
Coma
10
Q
0.45
A
death
11
Q
How is alcohol formed
A
Conversions of sugar into cellular energy
12
Q
Fermentation
A
One molecule of glucose acted on by yeast in the presence of heat and the absence of oxygen – produces 2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide molecules
13
Q
When were beer jugs found earliest
A
10000 BC
14
Q
Mead
A
First intentionally produced drink– fermented honey
15
Q
Code of Hammrabi 1790
A
Specified standards of quality of alcohol, hours of wine shops, shop employees and penalties for disobedience
16
Q
Cult of Dioysus
A
Devoted to heavy drinking because it brought them closer to the gods
17
Q
When was drinking a part of greek culture
A
2000 BC
18
Q
Seneca
A
Defined excessive drinking characteristics including loss of control
19
Q
Ulpan
A
Suggested the addictive nature of alcohol and though it was a disease
20
Q
Distillation
A
Boiling a fermented beverage so that the steam has greater alcohol content– 700AD in Arabia
21
Q
Highest % naturally fermented alcohol
A
14% before alcohol kills yeast and stops
22
Q
Gin
A
Potatoes and flavoured with juniper berry
23
Q
Gin Epidemic
A
1720– Period of excessive gin consumption in London
24
Q
Who spoke out against alcohol in NA
A
Benjamin Rush- Signer of the declaration of independence
25
Benjamin Rush
Said alcohol was a disease and abstinence the only cure
| -- Inebriometer
26
American Society for Promotion of temperance
1826-- at first was just about moderatipn but changed to the American Temperance Union in 1836 and promoted abstinence
27
Women's Christian Temperance Union
1873-- Carrie Nation
28
Prohibition in Canada
1918-1919
29
When was the volstead act rpealed
1933
30
% of Canadians who are current drinkers
80%
| --20% drink problematically
31
% of deaths that are alcohol related
10%
32
AWOL
Alcohol without liquid
| - Fine mist of alcohol is inhaled and absorbs very rapidly
33
Where is alcohol absorbed
20% in the stomach
| 80% in small intestine and colon
34
What enzyme break down alcohol in the stomach
Alcohol dehydrogenase
35
How much does food lower BAC peak
50%-- delayed emptying into intestines allows for more enzyme breakdown
36
Carbonation
Speeds gastric emptying and absorption
37
Do lean people have a higher or lower BAC
Lower because they have more water to distribute the alcohol into
38
% of alcohol metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase
15%-- Women have 50% less in their bodies
39
What does the liver breakdown alcohol into
Alcohol dehydrogenase turns it into acetaldehyde
40
How is acetaldehyde broken down
By acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid, CO2 and water
41
% of alcohol escaping through sweat and lungs
5% sweat
| 15% lungs
42
Standard drink
1 beer
150mL of wine
45 mL of spirits
---- all contain 13.5 g of alcohol
43
BAC curve
Amount of alcohol in blood as a function of time since ingestion-- 0.05= 0.05%
44
Alcohol diffusion
Diffuses steadily across capillary walls including the blood brain barrier
45
Alcohol effects
Behavioural ataxia and motor coordination
Lowers Body temperature
increases vasodilation
46
Disinhibition Theory
Alcohol lowers inhibitions that normally keep aggressive behaviour in check
47
What NT is associated with impulsivity and violence
Low serotonin
48
When do hangovers occur
4-12 hours after cessation-- acute withdrawals
49
Steatosis
Acute fatty liver syndrome occurs whenever alcohol is consumed
50
Alcohol Hepatitis
Caused by heavy drinking-- low appetite, fever, enlargement of liver, tenderness
51
Ascites
Fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity
52
Cirrhosis
Degeneration of liver cells and thickening of surrounding tissue with a consequent decrease in hepatic blood flow
-- Liver is unable to metabolize toxins
53
What % of alcoholics experience cirrhosis
10%
54
What % of people who drink get hepatitis or fatty liver
90%
55
Do women or men develop cirrhosis more rapidly?
Women
56
Anemia
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
57
Alcohol dementia
Cognitive impairments caused by heavy drinking
| -- partly caused by B1 deficiency and malnutrition
58
Feminization
Reduction in testosterone and increase in estrogen causing breast enlargement, testicular atrophy
-- Alcohol diverts testes functioning
59
What is the LD50 for humans
BAC of 0.45
60
Antidote for heroin overdose
Naloxone
61
GABA
Benzodiazepine and GABA receptors create a chloride ion channel that is receptive to hypnotics
-- Alcohol keeps the channel open longer allowing more ions and harder to generate action potential
62
Effects of GABA
Sedative, muscle relaxant, behaviour impairments
| -- reinforcing effects due to increase in dopamine activity in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
63
NMDA glutamate recpetors
Alcohol dampens neurotransmission-- uprated glutamate receptors cause withdrawal symptoms, responding to a sudden absence of alcohol
64
Alcohol effect on acteylcholine
Inhibits release-- involved with learning and memory
65
Blocking what receptors reduces alcohol consumption
Cannabinoid
66
Dispositional/ Metabolic tolerance
Capacity of liver to metabolize alcohol increases with repeated administration-- reduced alcohol entering blood stream and less available to brain
67
Acute/Within Session Tolerance
Blood concentration follows a bell shape following administration
68
Mellanby Effect
Less of an effect on the descending curve
69
Chronic/ Functional Tolerance
Long lasting adaptive changes to CNS
- Causes a shift to the right in DRC
- Motor ataxia, hypothermia
70
Alcohol abuse
3 criteria
71
Alcohol dependence
3 criteria and display signs of withdrawal or tolerance
72
% of alcoholics with a comorbid psychiatric conditon
40%
73
Delirium Tremens
Alcohol withdrawal due to a rebound increase in glutamate excitation and decrease in GABA inhibition
74
How can withdrawal be treated
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates
75
% of people who need help for drinking
10%-- but 85% of people never seek treatment
76
Antabusw
Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde which is metabolized further and excreted in urine-- aversion therapy caused by buildup of acetaldehyde
77
Naltrexone
Opiate antagonist that blocks receptors so there is no increase in dopamine when drinking
78
Ancamprosate
Composite of excitatory NT acting in the glutaminergic system -- diminishes excitability of glutamate receptors to reduce intensity of withdrawal
79
Jellinek
Disease concept of alcoholism 1960
80
Gamma drinker
True alcoholic-- Suffers loss of control, abstinence is the only treatment
-- No such thing as a recovered alcoholic
81
Washingtonian Temperance Society 1840
Alcoholics are reclaimed by former users with love-- abstinence
82
Emmanuel Movement
Worcester 1900s-- Alcoholism is a result of physical, spiritual and mental causes
83
3 guidelines of the emmanuel movement
Members must be volunteers
Abstinence is the goal
Patient had to be drug free before acceptance
84
AA
Founded by Richard peabody, Dr.Bob and Bill W
85
Minnesota Model
28 day long inpatient program
86
4 benefits of the reduced drinking model as opposed to abstinence
Many people avoid treatment if the goal is abstinence
People who don't drink are weird
Abstinence is often confused with cure
can set people up for failure
87
Mello and Mendelson
Consumption habits can be altered using rewards and punishments --- monetary reward
88
What is the cause of loss of control
Physiological response due to expectancies of alcohol effect-- telling people they are drinking alcohol leeds to more consumption
89
Mark and Lisa Sobell
Ground breaking research in controlled drinking
| - Gamma alcoholics went to a bar where staff are therapists and were given shocks if they didnt control themselves
90
Freud
Alcoholism due to unconscious homosexual instincts
91
3 different mice strain
C57BL
DBA
BALB
92
C57BL mice
Less effected by alcohol and consume more
93
Alcoholic sweet tooth
Rats bred to prefer alcohol, also show a preference for sugar
94
Knockout mice
Knockout a gene in a mouse to see if it effects how the mice reacts to alcohol
95
Low number of what recpetor causes mice to drink less and be less effcedted
Fewer serotonin
| Fewer Cannabinoid receptors reduces reinforcement
96
Heritability measure
2 (Difference between identical and fraternal twins)
97
Heritability for alcoholism
70%
98
Concordance for MZ and DZ twins
MZ-- 60%
| DZ-- 25%
99
Type 1 Alcoholism
Equal consequence of genetics and environment
- occurs in males and females
- Onset after age 25
- Associated with comorbid psychiatric disorders
100
Type 2 Alcoholism
Largely inherited and primarily in males -- Gamma alcoholic
- FH+
Age of onset before 25
Associated with Antisocial Personality disorder and impulsivity
101
FH+
Higher blood actaldehyde levels following ingestion
- Slower breakdown causes flushing reaction
Greater stress dampening
Lower MAO activity
Faster P300 recovery times
102
Stress Dampening
Alcohol reduces stress reaction
103
Monoamine Oxidase
Enzyme that catabolizes neurotransmitters
104
P300
Positive voltage change following presentation of a stimulus
| - oddball effcet
105
Who commented on the dangers of fetal exposure to alcohol
Plato and Aristotle
106
Abel
Infant death rate 2.5x higher when mother drinks
| -- Causes feeble memory, inability to learn
107
Teratogenic Effects
2 standard deviations below birth weight
Withdrawal symptoms after birth
Hyperactivity and inhibition problems
108
When do CNS abnormalities occur
During the 1st trimester
109
At what consumption rate does the risk for FAS increase
6 standard drinks a day
| -- cognitive effects at as little as 2 drinks a day
