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Drugs and Behavior > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Drug

A

Chemical compound that may produce physiological, behavioural and physiological effects

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2
Q

Psychoactive effects

A

Alterations to cognition, behaviour and motor processes

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3
Q

4 drug names

A

Chemical
Generic (Non-proprietary)
Trade (Proprietary
Street

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4
Q

Heroin

A

Diacetylmorphine– morphine with 2 acetyl groups so it enters the brain quicker

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5
Q

Pharmokinetics

A 
Administration
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
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6
Q

Pharmodynamics

A

Interaction between drug and receptors at site of action

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7
Q

Path of oral administration

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Blood stream

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8
Q

Alkaline Drugs

A

Bases– Become ionized in stomach acid and can’t pass into bloodstream– go to small intestine which is a more alkaline environment

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9
Q

How do drugs pass into the blood stream in the small inetstine

A

Passive diffusion following the alkaline concentration gradient

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10
Q

First Pass metabolism

A

Drugs are routed to the liver where most is metabolized

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11
Q

Cytochrome P-450

A

Very large group of enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells

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12
Q

Inducible

A

Activity may be potentiated

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13
Q

Mucous membrane administration

A

Snorting or absorbing through skin

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14
Q

How fast does inhalation get drugs to the brain?

A

5-8 seconds

– faster than intravenous

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15
Q

Regions in order of blood supply

A

Peritoneal cavity
Muscles
Under the skin

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16
Q

What injection site absorbs the quickest

A

Intraperitoneal– the most blood

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17
Q

Mainlining

A

Intravenous injection– blood flow in region is irrelevant

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18
Q

Skin popping

A

Subcutaneous injection

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19
Q

Where do drugs given by injection or pulmonary routes distribute to?

A

Diffuse through pores in capillary walls and into bloodstream

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20
Q

Oral distribution

A

Must be lipid soluble to be absorbed by digestive system beacause there are no pores in GI tract lining

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21
Q

How often is total blood volume circulated

A

Once a minute

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22
Q

Ionization

A

Weak acids readily ionize in alkaline environments and become less ionized in acidic environments – Reverse is true for bases

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23
Q

Are ionized molecules readily absorbed?

A

No

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24
Q

What determines rate of absorption

A

% of non-ionized molecules

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25
What part of the GI tract absorbs drugs better
Further away from stomach where its less acidic
26
Lipid Solubility
Lipid soluble compounds penetrate cell membranes more readily
27
What types of molecules does the blood brain barrier limit
Water soluble | Ionized
28
Fetal blood supply
75-100% of mothers blood concentration in 5 minutes
29
Receptor binding
Drugs interact with receptors at relevant targets -- receptors are oppositely charged from groups on drugs
30
Agonist
Mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter | -- bind to receptors, block reuptake, inhibit breakdown
31
Antagonist
Reduce the effects of a receptor agonist by binding to active receptors but producing no effect
32
Dose response curve
Vertical axis-- % of subjects exhibiting measured effect | -- Allows comparison of potency of drugs
33
Are the DRC of more potent drugs to the left or the right?
Left-- Smaller dose is required to produce the same effect
34
ED50
Dose of drug that produces a response in 50% of the subjects
35
LD50
Dose that kills 50% of subjects (lethal dose)
36
Therapeutic index
Ratio of LD50/ED50 for a given drug effect | -- the higher the ratio, the less chance that lethal effects will occur
37
Margin of safety
More conservative measure of safety | LD1/ED99
38
Tolerance
Progressive attenuation of a drug effect
39
Which way does tolerance shift DRC
Right-- more dose needed to produce the same effect
40
Sensitization
Drug effects are augmented over time
41
Which way does sensitization shift DRC
Left-- Less dose needed to produce the same effect
42
Routes of elimination
Skin Lungs Kidneys Sweat/Exhalation
43
Major site for enzymatic breakdown
Liver-- Cytochrome P-450
44
Which drug inhibits Cythochrome p450 activity
SSRI
45
What is renal absorption dependant on?
pH--- acids are excreted easier when urine basic
46
Elimination half-life
Time needed for half of a drug dose to be eliminated
47
How many half lives for a drug to be eliminated?
6
48
Steady stae concentration
Steady blood concentration needed for best therapeutic results
49
Interneuronal Synaptic junction
Presynaptic element and post-synaptic receptor area
50
Autoreceptors
Presynaptic receptors play a negative feedback role in regulating release of NT
51
Precursor substances
Amino acids from diet are building blocks of neurotransmitters
52
Synthesis of Neurotransmitters
Precursor + synthesizing agents-- sent to presynaptic terminal for storage, release and bind to recptors
53
Acetylcholine
Broken down by acetylcholinesterase | Responsible for learning and memory
54
Dopamine
Broken down by MAO | Pleasure, movement, schizophrenia
55
Norepinephrine
Broken down by catechol-o-methyl-transferase | -- Mood and affect
56
Serotonin
Broken down by MAO and aldehyde dehydrogenase | -- Mood, appetite, sex, sleep, aggression, hallucinations
57
Glutamate
Excitatory NT involved in neural plasticity
58
GABA
Inhibitory NT involved in anxiety
59
Opioid Peptides
Endorphins and enkephalins interacting with mu, kappa, delta and sigma receptors
60
Behavioural pharmacology paradigms
Specific experimental procedures designed to provide standardized data about certain aspects of drug effect
61
Withdrawal symptoms
Exact opposite of drug effects
62
Reactive Adaptation
Body anticipates changes from drug and homeostatic processes take place in advance
63
Classic Conditioning
Uncontrolled stimulus does not elicit a response of interest in the beginning, is paired with another controlled stimulus that does elicit response of interest
64
What does CS elicit
CR
65
Situational specificity of drug tolerance
Predrug cues must be present to show tolerance-- CS must be present for CR to occur
66
Placebo CR Test
See the drug compensatory CR when the CS drug cues are presented but no drug is administered
67
How does a placebo test differ from a SSDT test?
In a placebo test, all animals receive saline injections during the test phase (no drug is administered)
68
How long does withdrawallast
7-10 days
69
Priming Effect
Returning to same environment after treatment can produce subclinical withdrawal symptoms
70
Subclinical Withdrawal Symptoms
Presence of pre drug cues with no drug produces a compensatory CR and some withdrawal symptoms
71
Extinction
Presenting the CS and not following it with the expected UCS -- Can't just withhold UCS
72
How is self administration maintained
Positive and negative reinforcement
73
Operant Self-Administration Paradigm
See if animals will press a lever to be rewarded with drug injections-- gage reinforcement properties of drugs against other natural reinforcers like food and sex
74
Breaking point
The largest number of responses an animal will make to obtain a drug
75
Which type of drugs have the highest breaking points
Stimulants
76
Which drugs have the lowest breaking point
Hallucinogens
77
What NT system is important for positive reinforcement
Dopaminergic activity in ventral tegmental and in nucleus accumbens
78
Disadvantages of Operant SA
Requires surgical preparation of animals and is expensive | - Difficult to determine aversive effects
79
Advantages of operant SA
Allows for more obvious comparisons of reinforcing effects an shows patterns of self-administration
80
Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm
Uses two boxes differing in tactile and visual stimulation - If drug is positively reinforced , rats will spend more time in that box as opposed to where they received a saline injection

Drugs and Behavior (4 decks)

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