Midterm 2 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Caffeine in coffee tea and soda
A
100 mg
50
40
2
Q
Lethal dose of caffeine
A
200mg/kg – 100 cups
3
Q
Methylxanthines
A
Found in 60 plants– caffeine. In coffee, tea and cocao
4
Q
Yerba mate and guarana
A
South american drinks. Yerba–steep leaves. Guarana bre berries (2x stronger than coffee)
5
Q
Dimethylxanthines
A
Theophylline
Theobromine – 1/10 the potency of caffeine
- Found in combination with caffeine
6
Q
Main source of theobromine
A
Chocolate
7
Q
Neural action of caffeine and methylxanthines
A
Competitive antagonists at adenosine receptors
8
Q
Adenosine
A
Reduce release of other NTs and suppress neural activity. Caffeine occupies receptors and produces the opposite effect
9
Q
Octopamine
A
Excitatory NT that increases in production and kills insects when they eat xanthines
10
Q
Metabolism of caffeine
A
Readily absorbed by GI tract and peak effects occur within 2 hours. Metabolized 90% to completion by liver
11
Q
CYP1A2
A
Enzyme that metabolizes caffeine, inhibited by SSRIs
12
Q
Who metabolizes caffeine faster and slower
A
Smokers– 2x faster
Pregnancy and contraception makes it slower
13
Q
4 negative effects of caffeine
A
Decrease appetite and quality of sleep
Relaxation of esophageal sphincters causes heart burn
Osteoperosis
Reduced fertility, more miscarriage, lower birth weight, SIDS
14
Q
Caffeinism
A
Acute intoxication at 600mg, substance induced disorder
15
Q
What % of pregnant women drink coffee
A
75%
16
Q
What does teas contain
A
Caffeine and theophylline
17
Q
Polyphenols
A
In green tea, prevents heart disease and cancer
18
Q
Samovar
A
Russian tea urn
19
Q
What does coffee contain
A
Only caffeiene
20
Q
First methods of drinking coffee
A
Ethiopian goat herder– chew berries or drink fermented juice
21
Q
Sultan Murad
A
Closed down coffee houses and threatened to toss people in rivers
22
Q
Kola nut
A
Contains guarana and a little caffeine– 95% of caffeine is added
23
Q
What does red bull contain
A
Taurine and caffeine
24
Q
Red bull student use
A
12% in last week
25
Caffeine SA/CPP
No SA
CPP at low doses, high doses create an aversion
*NOT VERY REINFORCING
26
Caffeine tolerance
Tolerance shown to many effects
27
Dreisbach and Pfeiffer
Showed withdrawal effects of caffeine
28
Where did tobacco originate
Mayans
29
Bonsack
Invented the cigarette rolling machine in 1881
30
King James
Counterblaste to tobacco, refuted medical benefits of smoking
31
Pope urban
Banned catholics from smoking
32
Ibrahaim
Followed Murad, said tobacco, coffee, wine and opium were the 4 cushions on the sofa of pleasure
33
Czar Michael
Enforced tobacco ban with whippings
34
Lucy Gatson
Anti-cigarette league, Republican candidate 1920
35
Tobacco peak use
1964-- 40% -- then surgeon linked it to caner
36
Canadian tobacco use
Has fallen from 70-19%
37
Annual costs of tobacco
$17 billion in healthcare
38
How much earlier do smokers die
12 years younger
39
Incidence of smoking in people with mental disorders
41%
40
Posselt and Reimann
Produced nicotine in France in 1828
41
Pure nicotine
Oily, slightly brown or colorless, bad smell
42
Nicotine absorption
Absorbed 90% to completion through inhalation, only 20% of nicotine in tobacco is absorbed
43
Contine
Metabolite of nicotine that can be found in urine
44
Nicotine and urine
Diets high in alkaline reduce smoking-- more basic urine
Stress increases smoking-- acidic urine
-- Making urine more basic increases renal absorption
45
Lethal dose of nicotine
60mg
46
Mesolimbic dopamine system
Projecting from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens in pre-frontal cortex
47
Cholinergic receptors
Located on dopaminergic receptors, activated by nicotine
48
What NT does nicotine interfere with
Interferes with GABA inhibition
49
Cholinergic nervous system
Learning and memory in hippocampus. Rich in cannabinoid receptors
50
Neural action of nicotine
Reduces interference from irrelevant stimuli, improving cognition and concentration
51
Who has low cholinergic activity
Alzheimers
52
How many compounds are in a cigarette
4000
53
Cellular hypoxia
CO preferentially binds ot hemoglobin
54
Nicotine CPP and SA
Both
55
Nicotine tolerance
For mood effects
56
Mecamyaline
Blocks nicotine receptors
57
Rimonabant
Blocks cannabinoid recpetors
58
Naloxone
Blocks opiate receptors
59
Nicotine treatment
95% of people quit on their own but 80% relapse
60
NRT
Nicotine replacement therapy gets rid of withdrawal symptoms but people dont just smoke for the nicotine
61
Buproprion
Nicotine receptor antagonist blocks dopamine reuptake . Originally an antidepressant, 2x more effective than placebo
62
Varenecline
Partial nicotine agonist. Reduce stimulation and dopamine release . Most effective
63
Cannabinoids
60-80 chemical agents in plant. Very lipid soluble and easily passes barriers. Deposited in organs and fatty tissue
64
Hot/dry climate for weed
Weak fibre content and a lot of resin
65
Hashish (Chara)
Dried resin-- THC content is 8-14%
66
Hash oil
Boiling hashish in a solvent-- 40% THC
67
How did weed get to Europe
1800s-- through colonization in middle east
68
De Tours
Noted medical uses of weed, said he fenced a bowl pf fruit
69
Harry Aslinger
Protested weed in the US because it was used by racial minorities
70
1929, 1936, 1937
Canadians made legislation and classified weed as narcotic
All states had laws
Marijuana tax act
71
Incidence of weed use
45% of pop
| 54% of undergrads
72
THC
Isolated and synthesized in 1964
73
THC absorption
Less than 50% of THC in weed can be absorbed-- 5-10mg. Only 20% is absorbed by GI tract-- ingested dose is 3x
74
THC and testosterone
Increases at low doses, impotence at high doses
75
Sativex
Oral THC spray for MS
76
Antiemetic
Reduces vomitting
77
THC time for effects
Peak effects in 30-60 min
78
Delayed matching to sample
Showed weed smokers have working memory problems
79
8 arm maze WM problem
Revisiting a previously baited arm-- increases with weed use
80
8 arm maze RM problem
Visiting an arm that was never baited-- forgot rules for all sessions
81
THC neural action
Reduces cholinergic NS activity. Damages hippocampus with reduces acetylcholine. Crucially involved in spatial learning
82
Substitution procedure in THC
Test drug is switched to see if it will maintain an already established drug response. THC will maintain a response, doesnt work as initial reinforcer
83
SA and CPP in THC
Neither
84
Tolerance in THC
Evidence of tolerance in animals-- extreme doses required to produce it in humans.
85
Euphorigenic Effects
Increased firing rates of cells in VTA
86
Withdrawal in THC
Withdrawal in chronic use. Giving a THC antagonist or terminating use. Lasts 7-10 days
87
Cannabinoid Antagonists
Used to precipitate withdrawals and block rewarding effects to end self-administration
88
Rimonabant
Most widely used cannabinoid antagonist, originally used for obesity. Trade name Acomplia but it caused depression and anxiety
89
Endogenous Cannabinoid receptor system
Appetite, pain, mood, memory.
90
Anandamide
Cannabinoid ligand that activates the endogenous cannabinoid receptor system. Pre-synaptic and regulates release of other NT
91
What is THC
Exogenous cannabinoid agonist
92
What NTs does weed increase
Acetylcholine in hippocampus
| Dopamine in VTA
93
What NTs do weed reduce
Glutamate
| GABA
94
Two kinds of cannabinoid receptors
CB1--most important
| CB2
95
What 3 places are cannabinoid receptors concentrated
Basal ganglia and cerebellum-- effects movement
Frontal cortex-- the high
Hippocampus-- memory effects
96
Harmful products in weed
5x the CO
4x the tar
10x the microscopic damage
97
% of pregnant women that use illicit drugs
3%
| -- 75% of that is weed
98
% of people in rehab that are there for weed
16%
| -- 9% of recreational users become dependant
99
Opiate antagonists
Help treat weed addiction by reducing dopamine releasing effects -- naloxone/naltrexone reduced SA
100
Alucinere
Wandering mid
101
Psychotogenics
Cause psychosis
102
Psychomimetics
Mimic psychosis
103
Psychodysleptics
Mind disrupting
104
Psycholytics
Mind dissolving
105
Hallucinogens
Found in 6000 plants. 4 categories
106
Cholinergics
Can be used for effects, or as a poison (protective role for plants). Cholinergic agonists and antagonists
107
Cholinergic NS
Learning and memory
108
Cholinergic agonists
Stimulate cholinergic receptors and increase activity. Amanita muscaria and ibogaine
109
Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric Mushroom)
```
Northern hemisphere
Bright red cap with white dots
Vikings
Flies in milk
Drink pee to get high
Many unpleasant side effects
```
110
What does the amanita muscaria contain
Ibotenic acid
| Muscimole
111
Ibotenic acid
Metabolized to muscazone
112
Ibogaine
Gabon hunters chew yellow root for stimulating effect that lasts up to 30 hours
113
Street cure
Ibogaine was sold over the counter for fatigue, people realized you could take a lot and trip out and heroin addicts thought it was healing-- ibogaine treatment centres
114
Schedule 1 drug
High potential for abuse, lack of safety, no medical use
115
Cholinergic antagonists
Block cholinergic receptors to reduce activity. Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Henbane, Mandrake
116
Atropa Belladonna
Potato in Europe, north africa and asia. Bell shaped purple flower with berries produces atropine. No repeated recreational use
117
Atropine
Alkaloid thought to be an aphrodisiac-- 1831
118
Side effects of atropine
Rapid heart beat, loss of balance, uncontrollable movements
119
Atropine doses
Low-- arousal
High-- Sedative effects, pleasant trip
Really high-- Bad trips-- line is very thin
120
Datura Stramonium
Jamestown weed, stink weed. White/purple trumpet flower with thorny fruit pod with seeds. Used to fortify weed and opium in far east
121
3 cholinergic blockers in Datura Stramonium
Atropine
Scopolamine
Hyoscyamine
122
Datura stramonium and witches
Atropine and scopolamine produce sensation of flying
123
Datura/atropa cigarettes
Legal in Canada until the 60s for bronchodilation
124
Datura dose
Moderate-- 10-20 seeds
| 50 seeds to hallucinate
125
Henbane
Strong smelling herb in northern hemisphere with purple veined yellow flowers and hairy leaves. Medieval orgies
126
2 components of henbane
Scopolamine
| Hyoscyamine
127
Mandragora Officinarum
Potato from europe, africa, asia. Used in potions and as an aphrodisiac. Low doses it is a depressant, higher doses cause hallucination
128
2 components of mandrake
Atropine
| Scopolamine
129
5 Seratogenic hallucinogens
```
LSD
Psilocybin
DMT
Bufotenine
Foxy
```
130
LSD synthesized
Hoffman in 1938
131
Lysergic acid derived from...
Ergot: Parasitic fungus on grains. Causes vasoconstriction and uterus tone
132
Minimal dose of LSD
50 micrograms
133
Osmond
Canadian coined term psychadelic
134
Leary/Alpert
Did research at Harvard and gave out LSD to students
135
LSD legal until
1966 when it was classified as schedule 1
136
LSD use
Peak in 60s-- 18%
| now lifetime use for taking any hallucinogen is 15%
137
LSD metabolism
Readily absorbed by GI tract, easily crosses blood-brain and placental barriers. Results last 5-12 hours
138
First effects of LSD
Caused by activation of sympathetic NS
139
Object trials
Perceptual residue of objects moving across vision
140
Form constants
Close eyes and see shapes and patterns
141
LSD flashbacks
33% of users, possibly response to drug cues
142
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
Recurrent and distressing flashbacks in 4% of users
143
LSD brain changes
Enduring neuroplastic change in occipital cortex
144
LD50 of LSD
14mg-- 300x the minimal dose
145
LSD tolerance
All seratogenics produce tolerance in a couple days. Cross-tolerance for psilocybin and mescaline
146
LSD neural action
Agonist to pre-synaptic seratogenic receptors. Supress firing of neurons in raphe nuclei. AND blocks post-synaptic receptors and antagonizes effects
147
ARAS
Ascending Reticular Activation System-- LSD interferes with filtering sensory information, end up with distortions
148
Lysergic Acid Amide
1/10 the potency of LSD but naturally occuring-- ergot, hawaiian woodrose, sleepy grass, acemonium fungus
149
Psilocybin
Shrooms native to central america. Eat them or drink brew. More euphoric and visual, less emotional and less bd trips
150
Isolated shrooms
Hoffman in 1958
151
Shrooms doses
4-8mg for effect, 15 for hallucinations. Lasts 2-6 hours
152
Psilocin
Converted in body, more lipid soluble. active agent in shrooms
153
Shrooms tolerance
Tolerance and cross-tolerance displayed
154
Dimethyltryptamine
Virola or pergrina plants of South America. Reddish bark is inhaled, injected or eaten
155
DMT synthesized
1931-- hallucinogenic effects found in 1956
156
Business Mans psychadelic
DMT only lasts 10-60 min
157
Harmaline
Drink it with DMT when taken orally to block MAO metabolism
158
Bufotenine
Fish,plants and toads. Snuff containing DMT. Strong sympathetic arousal limits atractiveness
159
Cyanosis
Skin turns blue when you trip on toads
160
5-MeO-DIPT
Foxy/Fake ecstasy. Tryptamine type, lasts 3-6 hours
161
Seratogenic SA
Seratogenics do not produce SA, some will actually try and prevent dose
162
Phenethylamine Hallucinogens
Norepinephrine and methylated amphetamines cause sympatheic arousal
163
Mescaline
Norepinephrine type alkaloid in peyote cactus. Causes un pleasant hangovers after. Exert effects similarly to seratogenics
164
Mescaline isolation
Heffer in 1896, Synthesized by Spath in 1918
165
Mescaline metabolism
Readily absorbed by GI tract but passes poorly through blood-brain barrier
166
Mescaline dose
3mg/kg for stimulation
| 5mg/kg for hallucinations
167
3 appropriate doses that are undistinguishable
Peyote, shrooms and acid
168
Mescaline tolerance
Tolerance and cross tolerance
169
Peyote use
Dropped from 17% -4%
170
DOM/STP
Synthesized as an appetite suppressant . Associated with more bad trips
171
DOM/STP dose
10 mg produces hallucinations lasting 16-25 hours
172
MDA
Metabolite of MDMA. Street name EVE. Originally made in 1910 for appetite suppression, anti-depressant and parkinson. More like a hallucinogen than an amphetamine
173
MDA dose
60-160 mg lasts 8-12 hours
174
Merck
Made MDMA as an appetite suppressant in 1914
175
MDMA dose
50-200 mg lasts 4-6 hours -- well absorbed by GI tract
176
Sasafras tree
Contains safrole which can easily be converted to MDA
177
Neural action of MDMA
Release serotonin and block reuptake, release dopamine
178
Myristicin/Elemicin
Found in fruit of myristica fragrans. Nut meg is the dried sees, mace is the seed coat. Weak even at high doses so you vommit for 2 hours then get a little high
179
SA and CPP in methylated amphetamines
Both
180
PCP/K
Dissociative anesthetics causing detachment at low doses and anesthesia at high doses. Bind to sigma opiate receptors
181
Neural action of PCP/K
Act as antagonists on NMDA glutamate receptors. Glutamate opens ion channel and drug attaches inside to suppress glutamate activity and increase dopamine
182
PCP/K SA and CPP
SA but no CPP
183
PCP dose
1-10mg lasts 4-6 hours-- LD50 is 2-5x that
184
PCP bad trips
80% of users
185
PCP tolernace
No tolerance or physical dependance
186
Ketamine
Less side effects than PCP and only lasts 2 hours-- more useful model of schizophrenia
187
Dextromethorphan
Cough syrup-- stimulates sigma opiate receptors and blocks NMDA receptors. Same action as PCP/K but less potent
188
Cough syrup dose
400 mg for hallucinations
189
Salvia Divinorum
Mint plant in Mexico. Equal potency to shrooms. Chew smoke or make tea
190
Ethenogens
Plants that produce a religious experience
191
Salvinorin A
Active ingredient exerts agonistic action on opiate receptors
192
Thujone
Found in sage and wormwood and used to make absinthe in france
193
Thujone neural action
GABA antagonist and acts on serotonin receptors
194
Volatile hydrocarbons
Solvents with medical use -- 20% use in mexican street kids, 1% here
195
Anesthetic gas
Increase GABA inhbition and glycine, reduce effectiveness of NMDA receptors for glutamate
196
Glycine
Inhibitory NT
197
Gas SA and CPP
Some SA but no CPP
198
Ether
Lullius distilled alcohol and sulphuric acid together -- sweet vitrol
199
Hoffman drops
3 parts alcohol, 1 ether
200
Chloroform
Synthesized in 1831, similar effects but more potent than ether
201
Nitrous Oxide
Discovered by Priestly in 1776. Peak use in 60s but use is increasing now.
202
NO gas damage
Hypoxia and inactivation of B12 dependant enzyme
203
System involved with analgeisc effects of gas
Endrogenous Opiate system-- opiate antagonists block effects
204
Solvent
Toluene has greatest risk. Correlated with APP
205
Neural Action of solvents
Activates mesolimbic dopamine reward system
206
CPP and SA in solvents
Both-- no tolerance or withdrawal
207
3 nitrites
Amyl
Butyl
Isobutyl
208
Nitrites
Yellow, flammable liquid with fruity odour
209
When were nitrites synethesized for medical use
1867
210
Amyl
Angina pain, antidote to cyanide poisoning
211
Poppers
Butyl and isobutyl in sex drug
