Final Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Steroid use
A
6% male, 2% female highschool students
2
Q
Steroids 1930
A
Synthetic steroids increased use in sports
3
Q
Hypogonadism
A
Testes dont produce enough testosterone fornormal growth
4
Q
Medical use of steroids
A
Delayed puberty, impotence, wasting diseases like AIDS
5
Q
Anabolic
A
Promote muscle growth. Subject to substantial first pass metabolism by liver
6
Q
Steroid dose
A
Medical– 100mg/week
Abuse– 1g/week
7
Q
Androgenic
A
Masculinizing effects
8
Q
Priapsim
A
Painful erections
9
Q
Gynecomastia
A
Breast enlargement when testosterone converted to estradiol
10
Q
Steroid SA
A
No self-administration, not reinforcing
11
Q
Steroid withdrawal
A
Fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, insomnia. Dignosable as drug dependant in DSM 4
12
Q
Ma Huang
A
(Ephedra) Chinese herb from leafless desert horsetail. Pungent and yellow
13
Q
Psychoactive ingredients in ephedra
A
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
14
Q
Legal ephedrine
A
Found in nasal decongestants and usd to make meth. Bronchodilators in asthma meds
15
Q
Ma Huang uses
A
Fat burns from thermogenic effect, energy boosting, many ADRs
16
Q
Khat
A
East Africa, used in tea or chew =ing leaves
17
Q
Active ingredient in khat
A
Cathinone
18
Q
Khat effects
A
Mild stimulation, contentment, excitation, anorexia
19
Q
When was khat made illegal
A
1997 controlled drugs and substances act– produces psychological dependance
20
Q
Methacathinone
A
Cat– synthesizd in soviet union for depression. Dopamine release in VTA causes euphoric effects similar to meth
21
Q
Coca
A
South/ Central America. Leaves found with mummies and statues have cheek bulges
22
Q
Cocaine
A
Alkaloid substance in coca
23
Q
Coca leaves + alakaline
A
Increase buccal pH to aid absorption
24
Q
Neimann
A
Isolated cocaine in 1955 and praised it alot
25
Freud
Noted formincation syndrome-- white snakes
26
Vin Mariani
Popular wine containing 7mg/cocaine an ounce
27
John Pemperton
Made french wine cola, imitation of vin mariani, and then made coca cola in 1888
28
Cocaine products
Ax-ma-SYDE
Dr.Terchers
Ryno hay fever remedy
29
1900s drug attitudes
Major shift, concerned with minoroties
| Labels of patent medicines must include ingredients
30
When was cocaine introduced to drug legislation
1911
31
1930s drug shift
From cocaine to amphetamines
32
When did cocaine resurge
1950s--80s
33
Cocaine production
Leaves put in chemical solvent to extract cocaine
Leaves removed, kerosene, acid and water added
Cocaine trapped by kerosene, floats to top
34
Coca Paste
Skimmed off, 60% purity when dry. Can be smoked
35
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Coca paste produced with oxidizing agents. 99% pure, can be injected or snorted
36
Crack
Cocaine treated with alkaline to free base from salt. Volatize at low enough temp to smoke. 75% purity
37
Smoking cocaine
Rapid intense effects for 10-20 min, must be repeatedly administered
38
Cocaine use
Lifetime 11%
Past year 2%
Highschool 3%
39
Amphetamines
Modifying ephedrine
40
When was the first amphet. made
1887
41
When was meth made
1919
42
Benzedrine inhalers for asthma and congestion
1932
43
Dexedrine
1937-- for narcolepsy, weight loss and ADD
44
WW2 amphetamines
Given to soldiers to combat fatigue
| Huge rise in Japan-- first stimulant psychosis
45
1950s amphet.
Popular in canada and easily obtained from drug companies
46
When did you need a prescription for amphetm
1965
47
When was amphet. listed s a controlled substance
1971
48
Haight Ashbury
Alot of amphetamine injection in the 60s
49
Speedball
Mix of heroin and amphetamines. Doctors prescribed amphetamines to treat heroin addiction
50
Speed freak
Chronic use led to psychotic behaviour and aggression
51
Why did amphet. decline in the 70s
Return of the white goddess
52
Phenmatrazine
Atiobesity drug preludin (BAM) popular in the 70s
53
Crank
Powder amphet. for injection
54
Tina
Gay name for amphetamines
55
Amphetamine use
Lifetime 6% (2:1 male to female)
Past year 1%
10% undergrad for all amphetamines
56
Medical use of cocaine
Local anesthetic, profound vasoconstriction stops bleeding
57
Difference between coke and meth potency
Cocaine half life is 40 min, meth is 8 hours
58
Cocaethylene
Metabolite produced when alcohol and cociane are together. Increase cocaine half life and prolong action so risk of death increases by 25x. Stronger euphorgenic effects than cocaine
59
Neural effect of cocaethylene
Blocks reuptake but does not activate as much serotonin so dopamine is not reduced, and euphoria is not dampened
60
5 stages of robbins rating scale
```
Hyperactive
Slow pattern
Fast pattern
In place Restricted
Dyskinetic convulsive
```
61
Stereotypies
Repetitive movement of head, legs and body
62
How to stop stimulant behaviour
Block dopamine receptors or sever dopaminergic pathways
63
LD cocaine
Injection-- 700-800mg
Ingestion-- 1-2 g
Inhalation- 80 mg
64
LD meth
150mg
| Effective dose is 15 mg
65
Amount of kids with ADD
5%
| 1/2 continue to adulthood
66
George Fredirick
Noted ADD in children in 1902
67
Charles Bradly
1937-- discovered benzedrine releived ADD symptoms
68
Methylphenidate
Ritalin and concerta
69
Amphetamine add
dexedrine and adderall
70
Meth add
Desoxyn
71
ADD med use
10% in university
| 2% in highschool
72
Stimulant SA and CPP
Yes and yes. Very consistent
73
SA pattern of stimulants
Increase dose for acouple days until there are behavioural disruptions, period of no response due to exhaustion, high dose pattern resumes
74
Tolerance
Occurs for rewarding effects so dose must be increased to maintain desired effects
75
Acute depletion of dopamine
Stimulants taken in short intervals, neurons can't synthesize enough dopamine to keep up with release
76
Tolernace to Anorectic effect of stimulants
Contingent tolerance procedure. Drug, food and hunger must all be present for tolerance to develop
77
Sensitization to stimulants
Behavioral effects increase over time. Shift to left in DRC. Pre drug cues contribute
78
Stimulant physical dependance
Less evidence, but withdrawal symptoms occur
79
Stimulant withdrawal
Irritability, lethargy, anxiety
| Interefered REM sleep
80
Reward system
Neural pathways extending from VTA to nucleus accumbens
81
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
Increase dopamine in NAcc
82
GABA
GABA neurons in VTA inhibit dopamine neruons projecting to VTA
83
NTs released by meth
Norepinephrine
| Serotonin
84
Neural effect of amphetamines
Release more dopamine per action potential and cause leakage
85
Neural effect of cocaine
Blocks dopamine reuptake
86
Vanoxerine
Produced in 70s to treat depression. Blocks dopamine reuptake and inhibits release
87
Gamma-vinyl-GABA
Vigabatrin-- Impedes catabolism of GABA leading to greater inhibition of dopamine
88
Stimulant vaccine
Reduce effects of cocaine by producing antibodies so it cant cross the blood-brain barrier
89
Sedative hypnotics
Depress CNS activity, used for anxiety and inducing sleep
90
% of people with anxiety disorder
2-4%
91
Potassium bromide
1800s-- medical use discontinued because bromides are slowly excreted from kidneys
92
Bromoseltzer
Hang over remedy
93
Chloral hydrate
1832-- abused by Marilyn monroe, early date rape drug, knockout drops/mickey finn
94
Paraldehyde
Used for alcohol withdrawal but people like it even better. Tastes bad and expelled through lungs
95
Adolph Von Baeyer
Synthesized barbirturic acid in 1864 from apple acid and urea
96
Fischer/ Von mering
First modification of baributuric acid in 1903
97
Barbitol/ Veornal
Two ethyl groups replace hydrogen at 5 position of barbituric acid. Prototypical barbiturate
98
High lipid solubility
Get in and out of brain quickly by moving down concentration gradient
99
Phenobarbital/Luminal
Long acting. Onset 1 hour, duration 6 hours.
100
Amobarbital
Intermediate acting. Truth serum. Blue
101
Phenobarbital
Short acting. Nemmies or yellow
102
Secobarbital
Short acting. red
103
Hexobarbital/ Thiopental
Ultra short acting. Intravenous
104
Tunial
Secobarbital and amobarbital. Red and blue
105
Hygeia magazine
Raised awareness of barbiturate abuse in the 40s
106
Barbiturate abuse
High in the 50s, decline after introduction of benzodiazepines
107
Barbiturate use
Lifetime 4%
| Past year 2%
108
Barbiturate effects
Euphoria at low doses, sleep, respiratory depression
109
Synergistic
Effects of barbiturates and alcohol are multiplicative
110
Valley of the dolls
Movie about barbiturates
111
Neural effect of barbs
Depress neuronal activity by enhancing GABA. Bind to GABA receptors and increase affinity. Attenuate glutamate transmission
112
Barb tolerance
Almost every effect. Quicker for rewarding
113
Most reinforcing barbs
Seconal
| Tuinal
114
SA and CPP of barbs
High breaking points, no CPP
115
Methaqualone
Ludes, disco biscuit -- Made in India for malaria, introdcued in 1965 for anxiety. Jimmy hendrix and elvis
116
Propanediols
Modified disinfectant to kill penicillin resistant bacteria
117
Mephensin Carbamate
Used in 1940s for anxiety. Rapid metabolism so frequent doses are required
118
Meprobromate
1955 tranquilizer without suppresison of CNS excitation. Most widely prescribed drug of 50s and 60s. LD is way bigger than therapeutic dose
119
Sternbach
Synthesized benzos in poland in the 30s
120
RO-5-0690
Librium: First marketed benzo found in 1957 after sternbach shelved it
121
Valium
Second marketed benzo. Metabolite of the other one
122
Elevated puls maze
Anxiolytics cause rats to spend more time in unwalled arms
123
Geller Seifer procedure
Multiple schedule of reinforcement. Skinner box with two levers on the wall
124
VI 2 minutes
Reinforcer becomes available every 2 min, animal must press lever to recieve reward
125
FR1 with shock
Every bar press results in food but also a shock
126
Release from punishment
Anxiolytics make rats press the lever all the time no matter what schedule is on
127
Long acting benzo
Metabolized into long acting, active metabolites. Valium, librium, dalmane, tranxene
128
Intermediate acting benzo
Klonopin and roofies. Pupular with heroin addicts
129
Nordiazepam
Metabolite of diazepam with 60 hour half life
130
Short acting benzo
Versed, serax and xanax. Sleep inducing agents
131
Halcion
Most prescribed sleeping pill in world until rage reactions made manufacturers reduce dose
132
Benzo abusers
Mothers little helper, opiate and alcohol addicts
133
Ambien
Sleep aid without anxiolytic effects. Bind to GABA receptors
134
Long term potentiation
Storage of new information. Benzos lower acadmeic performace
135
Benzo medical use
Reduce neuronal excitability. Useful in alcohol withdrawal and epilepsy
136
Benzo neuronal action
Benzo occupies sattelite receptors on GABA receptors, switch it to a high affinity bindng state
137
Flumazenil
Benzo antagonist bind to GABA receptors but dont produce any action
138
Benzo tolerance
Rapidly to most effects except anxiolytic
139
Benzo dependance and withdrawal
Yes and yes. Short ating most likely to produce dependance
140
Benzo CPP and SA
No SA but there is CPP
141
GHB
Liquid e, natures lude, synthesized by combo of cleaners. Produce anxiolytic action like benzos
142
GBL
Converted to GHB in body so dealers buy alot of it
143
Opiates
Alkaloid of poppy plant. Used as analgesic in Asia, Europe and Egypt
144
Laudanam
1520-- doctor made drink of opium, wine and spices
145
Serturner
German isolated morphium in 1803
146
Alexander wood
Invented needle and syringe in 1856
147
Soldiers disease
Morphine syrup addiction after civil war
148
Opium 1800s
Popular in patent medicines for women who were forbidden to drink alcohol. Godfrey. Pennyworth. Mrs.Winslows
149
Medical use of opium
Cough suppression and diarrhea
150
Harrison narcotics act of 1914
Required doctors prescribing opiates keep record and pay a small fee. Did not outlaw it
151
Harry Anslinger
Said opiate addiction was not a medical condition and it should not be prescribed
152
Chinese immigration act 1885
Empolyment started to decline after railraods and laws were passed to limit immigration
153
Mackenzie King
Suggested opium be banned because it goes against christian ideals, chinese were making profits and use increasing among white people
154
1908 opium act
First drug legislation in canada. Illegal to manufacture, import or sell opium
155
1911 opium act
Made possession a crime, cociane was illegal, expanded police power
156
1920s drugs
Very antidrug .Racially charged messages to jail all users
157
Emily Murphy
First anti drug book called black candle
158
1929 opium and narcotics act
Maintenance doses no longer accepted, canabis included, illegal to even be in the prescence of opium
159
Writ of assistance
Life-long open ended search warrant for police officers that cant be refused by a judge
160
Opium content
25 alkaloids make up 1/4 of contents
Morphine 10%
Codeine 0.5%
Thebaine 0.2%
161
Codeine
Less action than morphine, isolated in 1833
162
Thebaine
Opiate derivative of oxycodone-- percocets
163
CR Adler Wright
Found heroin in 1874 by adding to acetyl groups to morphine.
164
Heroin
More lipid soluble, less ionized than morphine, quick access to CNS
165
Bayer Heroin
1898-- Non addictive analgesic for cough and chest pain
166
Oxycodone
From thebaine in opium. Long acting. Hillbilly heroin
167
Percodan
Oxycodone and aspirin
168
Percocet
Oxycodone and acetaminophen
169
Oxymorphone
Opana-- most abused prescription opiate
170
Hydrocodone
Vicadin-- combined with acetaminophen. high abuse
171
Methadone
Developed in WW2 Germany due to morphine shortages
172
Buprenorphine
Suboxone when combined with naloxone-- partial opiate agonist
173
Fentanyl
Synthetic and much more potent than heroin. Used by anetshesiologists. High rates of overdose
174
Hydromorphone
Dilaudid-- Highly abused morphine derivative
175
Pentacone
Ts and blues-- high abuse in combination with antihistamines
176
Butorphanol
Nasal spray analgesic increasing in abuse
177
Narcan
Naloxone given by injection, used in hospitals to treat overdose
178
Street heroin
100mg of white powder, 60% purity
179
DM
OTC cough suppressant used for robocopping
180
Opiate SA and CPP
yes and yes
181
Opiate neural effects
Release dopamine in VTA
182
Mu receptors
Occupation leads to GABA inhibition. Alot of dopamine released in NACc`
183
Sigma receptors
Mediate dysphoria and hallucinations
184
Siegel at Mcmaster
Rats were given heroin in presence of pre drug cues and sometimes without. Rats who developed tolerance with pre drug cues did not die from substantial dose
185
Chippers
People who control use and only take drugs occaisonally
186
Opiate withdrawal
not lethal, flue like symptoms
187
Dole and Nyswander
Methadone maintenance in 1958
188
Opiate addiction treatment
Cannabinoid receptors block cravings
