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A-Level Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group in alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl group

-OH

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

What are the different types of alcohols?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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4
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is attached to 1 other alkyl group

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5
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is attached to 2 other alkyl groups

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6
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is attached to 3 other alkyl groups

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7
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A

Low volatility

High boiling points

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8
Q

Why do alcohols have high boiling points?

A

They have hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

How can alkenes be made using alcohols?

A

Alkenes can be mad by eliminating water in alcohols in a dehydration reaction

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10
Q

What is the general formula for dehydration of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH → CnH2n + H2O

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11
Q

What does this reaction allow to happen?

A

It allows for alkenes to be produced from renewable resources.
Therefore, polymers can be made without the need for oil.

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12
Q

What is one of the main industrial uses for alkenes?

A

It is used as a starting material for polymers

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13
Q

What is the equation for the dehydration of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid are used as catalyts for this reaction

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14
Q

How can alcohols be produced from alkenes?

A

Alcohos can be produced by the hydration of alkenes in the presence of an acid catalyst.

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15
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

Ethanol can be produced by the hydration of ethene

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16
Q

What is the equation for the hydration of ethene

A

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

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17
Q

What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?

A

concentrated phosphoric acid
300 degrees
60 atm

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18
Q

What are the advantages of producing ethanol by hydration of ethene?

A

Faster reaction
Continuous process
Lower labour costs
Ethanol produced is 99.9% pure

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of producing ethanol by hydration of ethene?

A

Non-renewable source of ethene
Expensive initial costs
Higher temperatures and pressures

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20
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

Ethanol can be produced by fermentation of glucose

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21
Q

What is the equation for fermentation of glucose?

A

C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

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22
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose?

A 
zymase(yeast)
anaerobic
warm
aqueous
30-40 degrees
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23
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation to produce ethanol?

Study These Flashcards
A

Sugar is renewable
Cheap
Lower temperatures and pressures

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation to produce ethanol?

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A 
Slow
Batch process
Ethanol produced is impure
Purification by distillation needed
Higher labour costs
Land could be used to grow food crops
25
Ethanol produced using the fermentation method is considered a biofuel. What is a biofuel?
A biofuel is a fuel that's made from a biological material that's recently died
26
Why can the fermentation method be considered carbon neutral?
The carbon dioxide produced is equal to the carbon dioxide absorbed during photosynthesis
27
What are the equations that show that there is no net contribution to CO2?
Photosynthesis: 6CO2+ 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Fermentation : C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Combstion: 2C2H5OH + 6O2→ 4CO2 + 6H2O
28
Why is ethanol production by fermentation of glucose, not carbon neutral?
The ethanol produced has to be fractionally distilled Powering of machinery Transportation of the ethanol
29
What affects how much an alcohol can be oxidised?
The structure of the alcohol
30
What is the oxidising agent used to oxidise alcohols?
Acidifed potassium dichromate(VI) | K2Cr2O7
31
What can be observed when the acidified potassium dichromate oxidises the alcohols?
The orange dichromate(VI) ion(Cr2O7^2-) is reduced to the green chromium ion(Cr^3+)
32
What are primary alcohols oxidised to?
Aldehydes and then carboxylic acids
33
What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?
Ketones
34
What are tertiary alcohols oxidised to?
They can't be oxidised
35
What is an aldehyde?
It is a carbonyl group with a hydrogen and one alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom
36
What is a ketone?
It is a carbonyl group with two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon atom
37
What is the functional group of aldehydes and ketones?
C=O
38
What is the general formula of aldehydes and ketones?
CnH2nO
39
What is the suffix for aldehydes?
-al
40
What is the suffix for ketones?
-one
41
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
COOH
42
What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
43
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
44
What are the conditions for oxidising primary alcohols to aldehydes?
Excess alcohol Warm gently Distillation
45
What is the general formula for the partial oxidation of primary alcohols?
Primary alcohol + [O] → Aldehyde + water
46
What are the conditions for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
Excess acidified potassium dichromate | Heat under reflux
47
What is the general formula for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids?
Aldehyde + [O] → Carboxylic acid
48
What are the conditions for oxidising secondary alcohols into ketones?
Heat under reflux | Excess acidified potassium dichromate
49
What is the general formula for the oxidation of secondary alcohols?
Secondary alcohol + [O] → Ketone + water
50
How can we distinguish between ketones and aldehydes?
We can use: Tollen's reagent Fehling's/Benedicts's solution
51
What is Tollen's reagent
Ammoniacal silver nitrate
52
What is Fehling's/Benedict's solution?
Solutions of deep blue Cu2+ ions
53
What would happen if we used Tollen's reagent to distinguish between ketones and aldehydes?
Aldehydes would form a silver mirror (the silver ions have been reduced to silver atoms) Ketones would show no visible change
54
What would happen if we used Fehling's/Benedict's solution to distinguish between ketones and aldehydes?
Aldehydes would form a brick-red precipitate of Cu2O(copper ions have been reduced to copper(I) oxide
55
What would be the equation for the reaction between ethanal and Tollen's reagent?
CH3CHO + 2Ag+ + H2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag + 2H+
56
What would be the equation for the reaction between ethanal and Fehling's/Benedict's solution?
CH3CHO + 2Cu^2+ + 2H2O → CH3COOH + Cu2O + 4H+

A-Level Chemistry (30 decks)

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