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Alcohols Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is the functional group of haloalkanes?

A

Haloalkane

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2
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

OH

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3
Q

Describe and explain the polarity in alcohol molecules

A

Polar molecules because oxygen is more En than C causing dipole

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4
Q

As chain length of alcohols increases what occurs to their properties?

A

Become more similar to that of the same alkane

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5
Q

Describe and explain the volatility of alcohols

A

Not very volatile

High BP due to hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Compare the volatility of alcohols and alkanes of the same chain length

A

Alcohols have higher volatility

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7
Q

Describe and explain the solubility of alcohols

A

Soluble in water

Can form H bonds with water molecules due to OH group (H and lone pair on O)

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8
Q

What occurs to the solubility of alcohols as the chain length increases?

A

Decreases so becomes similar to alkanes

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9
Q

Describe the classification of alcohols

A

Depending on how many C bonded to C bonded to OH

1° 2 ° 3 °

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10
Q

Describe the combustion of alcohols

A

Complete combustion in excess O2

Very exothermic so good fuel

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11
Q

Describe how the energy released via combustion of alcohols changes as chain length increases

A

More exothermic

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12
Q

What functional group do all the product of alcohol oxidation have?

A

Carbonyl (=0)

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13
Q

Name the reagents used in the oxidation of alcohols

A

Acidfied Potassium dichromate

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14
Q

Sate the observation when oxidation of alcohols occurs

A

Orange to green

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15
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form an aldehyde

A

1°

Distillation

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16
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form a carboxylic acid

A

1°

Reflux

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17
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form a ketone

A

2°

Reflux

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18
Q

Why is potassium dichromate hazardous

A

Carcinogenic

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19
Q

What do aldehydes end in

A

Al

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20
Q

What do carboxylic end in

A

Oic acid

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21
Q

What do ketones end in

A

One

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22
Q

What do esters end in

A

Ethyl

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23
Q

Why is potassium dichromate added in excess to form carboxylic acid

A

To ensure all the aldehyde is oxidised

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24
Q

What is formed when an alcohol is oxidised

A

A carbonyl and water

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25
What occurs when a 3° alcohol is oxidised
No reaction | Stays orange
26
What equipment is used in reflux
Pear shaped flask Liebig condenser flask Reciever adaptor
27
What equipment is used in distillation
``` Pear shaped flask Liebig condenser flask Reciever Anti bumping granules Cold water flask Test tube ```
28
Why are anti bumping granules used
To allow a calm boil Prevent spitting due to water produced evaporates To prevent dry boiling
29
Describe dehydration of alcohols
Elimination reaction of water to produce alkene
30
What are the reagents and conditions used to convert alcohol to alkenes
Acid catalyst | Reflux
31
How are alcohols formed
Fermentation Alkene + steam + acid catalyst
32
How do you form a haloalkane from an alcohol
Add sodium halides and acid to alcohol
33
Describe what occurs when sodium bromide and acid are added to an alcohol
Bromide combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen bromide Bromide displaces OH
34
What is signified when potassium dichromate goes from orange to green
Oxidation
35
What colour is universal indicator when a carboxylic acid is produced?
Red
36
Whats the difference in the observation when sodium carbonate is added to aldehyde and carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid= effervescence Aldehyde= nothing Acid and carbonate produce salt water and co2
37
What are the classifications of haloalkanes and what do they mean
1°/2°/3° How many C bonded to C bonded to Halogen
38
Describe and explain the reactivity of haloalkanes compared to alkanes
More reactive Halogen is more electronegetive so causes dipole
39
Compare and explain the reactivity of F and Br
Br more reactive Larger atomic radius and more shielding meaning less nuclear attraction So larger bond length, less electronegetive So weaker bonds so react more easily
40
Why are halobutanes used in investigation of rate of hydrolysis not methanes
Butane have longer carbon chain so more electrons and stronger LF so not liquid at rt
41
What is a nucleophile
A species able to donate a pair of electrons
42
Name the mechanism for turning haloalkanes into alcohols
Nucleophillic substitution
43
Describe nucleophillic substition with sodium hydroxide
Hydrodie ions act as nucleophile OH approaches carbon bonded to Halogen (partial positive charge) on the opposite side of the molecule to the Halogen OH attacts positive charge and donates electron pair forming a bond with the carbon and substituting the Halogen atom which is left as a halide ion Carbon Halogen bond breaks via heterolytic fission
44
Why must haloalkanes be heated when hydrolysed
Slow reaction otherwise
45
What are the two ways to convert haloalkanes to alcohols?
Add sodium hydroxide under reflux Add aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol
46
Name the mechanism by which haloalkanes are converted to alcohols
Hydrolysis
47
Why is ethanol added to haloalkanes and aqueous silver nitrate to convert them to alcohols?
Haloalkanes are not soluble in water so are dissolved in ethanol
48
How can you measure the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes?
Used aqueous silver nitrate The displaced Halogen ions will combine with the silver ions to form a precipitate
49
How can you compare the bond strength of carbon Halogen bonds
Add aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol Water displaces Halogen which combines with silver ion to produce precipitate Measure how long precipitate takes to form Short time= weaker bond
50
With what type of nucleophile is an intermediate formed and not formed in hydrolysis of haloalkanes
Intermediate = compounds with lone pairs No intermediate = ions
51
What is the reverse of haloalkane hydrolysis
Nucleophillic substitution
52
What is an órganohalogen compound
Carbon chain bonded to one or more Halogen atoms
53
What are the uses of órgano halogens?
``` Refrigerants Solvents Aerosol propellants Flame retardents Making polymers ```
54
Why are organohalogens stable
Strong carbon Halogen bond | Hard to break down
55
What is ozone and where can it be found
Makes up small proportion of ozone in stratosphere
56
What are the benefits of ozone
Absorb UV light which would otherwise cause skin cancer, eye crop an immune system damage
57
Why is UV bad for you
``` UVA Causes crop damage Eye damage Damage immune system Skin cancer ```
58
Why is UV good for you
Vitamin D
59
What constantly occurs in the ozone layer
Ozone breaks down and reforms
60
Why is ozone only broken down in the ozone layer
Enough high energy UV radiation
61
What does CFC stand for
Chlorofluorocarbons
62
What are the uses for CFCs
Refrigerants Aerosol propellants Air con
63
Why are chlorine radicals produced and not fluorine radicals when CFC decompose
C–Cl weaker than c–F
64
What is the process of free radical production of CFCs
Photodissociation
65
What is photodissociation
Splitting of bond with radiation
66
What evidence is there that free radicals act as catalysts
Regenerated in depletion of ozone Doesn't matter what radical it is, the overall equation is always the same
67
How do nitrogen oxide radicals form
Lightning Air travel
68
Name uses for CFCs and link to property
Fire extinguisher - non flammable Degreasing agent - good solvent for organic material Propellants - unreactive and volatile
69
Why might sodium carbonate be added after the production of an alcohol from an alkene for example?
To remove acid impurities

Chemistry (28 decks)

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