Aldehydes And Ketones

Question 1

What is a carbonyl group?

Answer 1

carbon attached to oxygen with double bond

Question 2

Where is the carbonyl group present?

Answer 2

aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids

Question 3

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Answer 3

RCHO

Question 4

What is the functional group of a ketone?

Answer 4

RRCO

Question 5

What can the R groups in aldehydes and ketones be?

Answer 5

alkyl groups
Or
aryl groups

Question 6

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 6

-al

Question 7

What is the suffix for a ketone?

Answer 7

-one

Question 8

What ketones are not possible?

Answer 8

those with fewer than three carbons

Question 9

Are carbonyl groups polar or non polar?

Answer 9

Strongly polar

Question 10

How is charged distributed in a carbonyl group?

Answer 10

carbon partially positive and oxygen partially negative

Question 11

Which element in the carbonyl group is more electronegative?

Answer 11

Oxygen

Question 12

What forces are between carbonyl compounds?

Answer 12

permanent dipole dipole forces

Question 13

What do dipole dipole forces create for carbonyl compounds?

Answer 13

Higher boiling points than alkanes of comparable relative molecular mass

Question 14

What is the solubility of carbonyl compounds?

Answer 14

shorter chains mix completely as hydrogen bonds form between oxygen
as carbon chain length increases the compound is less soluble

Question 15

What is the reactivity of carbonyl compounds?

Answer 15

Difference in electronegativity of strongly polar C=O means nucleophillic reagents attack partially positive carbon

Question 16

Which reaction occurs with carbonyl compounds?

Answer 16

Nucleophillic Addition

Question 17

What happens in a nucleophillic addition reaction?

Answer 17

lone pair electrons on nucleophile attack partially positive C
electrons in double bond go to O forming single bond
O has lone pair of electrons and partially negative
O lone pair electrons attracted to H+
OH added to compound

Question 18

What is hydroxynitrile?

Answer 18

contains both hydroxyl (OH) and nitrile (CN) group

Question 19

Which is highest priority, nitrile or hydroxyl group?

Answer 19

nitrile

Question 20

Where do we name hydroxynitriles from?

Answer 20

The nitrile group, including the carbon in a nitrile as the first carbon

Question 21

What is the symbol for a cyanide ion?

Answer 21

CN-

Question 22

How does a cyanide ion react with a carbonyl compound?

Answer 22

lone pair electrons of CN- attack carbon partially positive
electrons in C=O move to O
Cyanide added to carbonyl compound
O has lone pair electrons and partially negative
O lone pair electrons attracted to H+
OH added to carbonyl compound

Question 23

What is produced when a cyanide ion and carbonyl compound react together?

Answer 23

hydroxynitrile and racemic mixture of two optical isomers/enantiometers

Question 24

Why can nucleophillic addition lead to a racemic mixture?

Answer 24

:CN- ion may attack from above or below the flat C=O group

Question 25

What are the shape of double bonds?

Answer 25

Planar

Question 26

What are the hazards of potassium cyanide?

Answer 26

toxic/poisonous
flammable (use water bath instead)

Question 27

Why is KCN acidified?

Answer 27

To produce H+ ions

Question 28

What are the hazards of hydrogen cyanide?

Answer 28

extremely poisonous
flammable
hard to store as gas

Question 29

What is a chiral carbon?

Answer 29

Carbon attached to four different types of atoms

Question 30

What is a racemic mixture?

Answer 30

equal quantities of each enantiometers in a mixture

Question 31

How can an optical isomer arise in a hydroxynitrile?

Answer 31

has chiral carbon
hydroxynitrile is asymmetrical
two different R groups